


INDEX 


. 


Pages 

Errata.145-147. 

1. U, S. History.1—32. 

2. Civil Government.33— 40 

3. Mississippi History. . 41—64. 

4. Spelling..65—72, 

5. Reading....73—76. 

6. Arithmetic. 77—84. 

7. Physiology. 85—100. 

8 Grammar . 101—119 

9. Geography.120—14 i. 

10. Natural Philosophy.150—17$. 

Constitution U. S. Appendix.1—24. 


All errors will be corrected in plates, as will 
appear in next edition. 















































i 


* 











A 


M MSW MS GORBEKSBD 

DEFINITION JJOOK. 


Special^ -^&_cla,pted. To Teacliers a.m.d. 
Students. 


Prepared by 

1 / 


Prof. William A,•McAlHsttr. 

<*4 , * 

^ Copyrighted Itfarch 77, 1899 
By Wm, rf, i^c/f I lister, 



The Southern Advocate Print. 

3 J, P\. Robbins, Owner & Publisher, fc- 
Holly Springs, Miss. 

1901. 





THE LIBRARY OF 
v cpONpR£SS, 
Twq OfetfiES feecEWEO 

mjg': i 6 "'i‘ 9 di 

Copyright entry 

"TKoa. '%<)<? 

jotASS-»fXe. Ns». 

/SY31C 

COPY B. 


I 1 ** USURY 

[•* C ONG RESS 

[y^MHNGTOKT 











UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

Period of Exploration and Discovery. 

* 

BOOK 1st. 


SPAIN 

S|>sten flrxi to explore the Western Continent, fitted 
np and sent out her first expedition in 1492 consisting 
of'threelvessels an d ; 90 sailors, led by Coliutibais a na¬ 
tive of Italy, employed by Spain as an explorer. 

The most celebrated Spanish explorers and discoverers 
were, Deleon, he discovered Flordia ini512, he was 
seeking the f: untain of youth and the riches'of gold; 
balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean ini 513, he was 
in search of gold, 



blister37- of tixe XT 3 . 

Cortez Conquered Mexico from 1519 to 1521. 

Pizarro Conquered Peru in 1531. 

Majclon, discovered the Strait which bears his 
name in 1520. He also circum-navigated the world the 
same year, i e. he has the honor of being the first to 
circum-navigate the world . He died before caring out 
his expedition; it was carried out by his crew, 

ENGLAND. 

England is, according to the date, second in mak¬ 
ing explorations and discoveries in America 

Among those who stand first in English explorations 
and discoveries are: The Cabots. Frobisher, 
Davis, Drake and Gosnold. 

Cabots, explored the coast of Salvador in 1497 and 
Maryland in 1498, 

Frobisher, explored the N. E coast of North Amer¬ 
ica in 1576. 

Davis, explored the N. E, coast in 1585. He also dis¬ 
covered the Strait which bears his name. 

Drake, explored the coast of Oregon in 1579, he was 
second to circumnavigate the globe. 

Closnold discovered Cape Cod in 1602, so said to 
be the first Englishman to put foot on any part of what 
is now the U. S 


FRANCE. 

France, was third in making explorations and dis¬ 
coveries in America. 

Verrazano, Cartier, Champlain, Marquet, Joliet, and 
Lasalle were the greatest French explorers. 

Verrazano, explored the E. coast of North America 
in 1524. 

Cartier, discovered the St. Lawrence river in 1534. 
Champlain, went to Canada in 1608. 



History of t!b.e XT. S. 


5 


Marquet and Joliet, explored navigable streams 
in Illinois, and entered the Miss..,, river in 1673. 

Lasallc, explored the Ohio River, entered the Missis' 
sippi River; explored it to its mouth and took possession 
of a vast territory lying West of the river, for France in 
1682. 


DUTCH. 

In New York in 1609, discovered the Hudson River 
by Hudson, claimed lands. 

PERIOD OF SETTLEMENTS. 

The explorations, and discoveries of the four nations, 
viz: Spanish, French,' English and Dutch, caused their 
native lands to lay great claims to vast territories in 
America. 

And to farther maintain the securance of their claims, 
each nation determined to plant colonies in the new 
lands, subject to the government or rule from whence 
they came (subjects) sprang. 

Spain. The Spaniards made the first settlement in 
Florida in 1565 at St. Augustine. The Spaniards also 
made settlements*in Southwestern part of the V S. in 
1582, these Spaniards came up from Mexico. There 
was much trouble caused by the Spaniards who settled 
in S. E. part of the U. S. 

West Florida became iu a few years after settlement a 
question of much trouble during colonial time. This 
territory, West Florida, was subject to the tlag of three 
nations, viz: English, French and Spanish within a 
quarter of a century. 

France. The second country which attempted to 
plant colonies in America and in the U. S. was France; 
France attempted to make a settlement before Spain 
made her permanent settlement in Florida . 

France attempted to settle S. C. in 1562, and Florida 



© 


X3Iistor3 r of tlie XT. S. 


in 1564 proved failures; but in 1605 France succeeded in 
making a settlement in Nova Scotia and Canada in 1608, 
made settlements in Mississippi, in 1639 by Iberville, 
and in Louisiana in 1718. The French settlers en¬ 
countered many dangers and hardships during their 
early .settlements in this country, hostile Indian tribes 
caused settlers to suffer greatly. 

England, was third to attempt planting colonies in 
America. She attempted a settlement on Ronoake 
Island, proved a failure; and the colony was lost Eng¬ 
land is credited with furnishing the lost colony of 
America. 

England formed companies to colonize America, 
among some of her companies were, the London, Ply¬ 
mouth and Pophan companies. These did great work 
towards colonizing America. 

In 1607 England made her first permanent settlement. 
John Smith who was conected with this settlement was 
one of the wisest and noblest men in the early history of 
America. 

This colony had to endure the hostility of the red man 
and the sufferings of the starving time. English col¬ 
onies were the most successful and powerful, they 
settled principally along the Atlantic coast and spreaded 
rappidly. 

Period of ©olor^ial Cirowtl^. 

In a few years after the planting of colonies in Amer¬ 
ica by France and England, the mother countries were 
at war; which continued nearly 60 years during the 
colonial growth. These wars were named after the 
King or Queen who ruled during the period of war. The 
English colonies suffered much during these Inter¬ 
colonial wars. The Indians joined the French and 
played a dreadful part by massacreing the old men, wo¬ 
men and children. 



ZE3Iist©r;y of tlxe *CJ. S. 


*7 


The first of these wars began in 1689, lasted eight 
yeajs, King William War 

The second was Qneen Annies War, began in 1702, 
lasted nine years, 

The third was King George’s War, began in 1744, and 
lasted four years. Whenever France and England 
would be engaged in these wars the French and En¬ 
glish colonies would be at war. 

Virginia, was settled by some of the bravest and 
best men of England. The colonies of Virginia claimed 
that their Charters gave them a large tract of land ex¬ 
tending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean wherever 
they might be. France claimed lands North of Ohio 
River or the “great woods,” by virtue of explorations 
made by her subjects. Virginia claimed same. A writ¬ 
ten protest was issued by Gov. Dinwiddie to the French 
to give up this vast territory, French subjects refused, 
out of this dispute or quarrel grew the French and In¬ 
dian war. 


French ap)d Indian War. 

French and Indian war. This war began in 
1754, settled in 1763. The French colonist numbered 
about 80000. The English more than 1,100,000*. The 
French were a sisted by Indians This war was to de¬ 
cide to whom a greater part of the territory East of the 
Mississippi River belonged. 

Four attacks were planed by the British two of which 
were successful. Quebec was captured by the British un¬ 
tier Wolf. Braddock made a failure. Accada was cap¬ 
tured. inhabitants were kidnapped and cruelly treated* 
Among the British generals were Braddock and Wolf. 

Montcalm was a brave French general. This war did 
away with French empire in America ; and the treaty of 
Paris in 1763 gave to the English colonies all lands (so 
far as France was concerned) east of the Mississippi river. 



s 


X3Cistor37* of t3a.e TJ. 3. 


This was an interesting war among the colonies. There 
were also eight Indian* wars during colonial growth, 
viz: First, Indian war in Virginia in 1622. Pequod war 
in 1636, King Phillips war in 1675, Tuscarora war in 
1711, Yomassee war in 1715, Natchez war in 1729, Cher- 
rokee war in 1757 and Pontioc’s war in 1763. 

Revolutionary Period. 

The forcing a people to obey unjust laws is tyranny. 
The setting aside such pow T ers or authorities is a revo¬ 
lution. 

We will speak of the American Revolution which last¬ 
ed nearly eight years. From time to time England 
passed her unjust acts for the colonies to be subject to 
such as the Importation Act, the Navigation Act and the 
Stamp Act, (“which was the folly of England and the 
ruin of America”) also the Tea Tax and other taxations 
without representation caused the revolution. Among the 
leaders to arouse the people to set aside such a tyranny, 
were James Ottis, Patrick Henry, John Ash and Samuel 
Adams. 

The first Continental Congress met in 1774 at Phila¬ 
delphia. The second met in 1775 appointed Washington 
as commander in cheif of the American Army. 

Declaration of Imle2>cnclence declared July 
4th 1776. 

Btirgone surrendered in 1777 at Sarratoga, the cut¬ 
ting off supplies and help, forced him to surrender. 

Soon after Burgone surrendered, France formed an 
Alliance with the colonies or America, some of those 
who stand among the best and bravest were Lafayette De- 
Kalb, Stuebon and Kosciusko. 

Union flag was adopted in 1777. 

Articles of Confederation adopted in 1777. 

War moved from North to South in 1778. 

Cornwallis surrenderd at Yorktown in 1781, 7000 




History of tla.e XT. S. 


© 


men laid down their arms. The commissioners met at 
Paris September 3rd 1783 acknowledged America’s inde¬ 
pendence, and the colonies were no longer colonies but 
States. All lands South of the great lakes and east of 
the Mississspi river belonged to the United States (except 
Florida) to the newly acknowledge power. They were 
left independent to work out their own destiny. 


PRINCIPAL BATTLES IN THE NORTH, 

Showing Gen. Dates, and success of each side. 


Time BattlejBrit, Gen.|Amer, Gen. Brit. success! Am. success 


1775 

Lexington 

Smith 

Parker 

Success 


IT75 

Bunker Hill 

Howe 

Prescot 

» 1 


1776 

I, mg l* and 

Howe 

Washington 

11 


1776 

vvliiteplain 

Howe 

Washington 

11 


1776 

Trenton 

Rhal 

Washington 


'Success 

1777 

Princeton 

Maw hood 

Washington 



17 77 

Beningtons 

Baum 

Starks 



1777 

Brandywine 

Howe 

Washington 

Success 


*777 

Bemis’s H’ts 

Burgoyne 

Gates 


Success 

1777 

Gerne. 

Howe 

Washington 

Success 


1777 

Sarratoga 

Burgoyne 

Gates 


Success 

1778 

Monmouth 

Clinton 

Washington 


Success 

















June 18 1781 Ninety Six Cruger 

Sept 8 1781 Eutaw Spring „ Stewart Success 

Oct. I 9 1781 Yorktown wash’gton Cornwallis „ 


XO 






XXistor^r of Ix o TT.'S. 


> 

T3 


2 


p 

iS? 


to 


La 


—1 


> 

C o - V. p 
< '* OQ 

• * 

to 

o 


§ p 


> Of 

1305 

r-* r-f 

• o> 


2 ^>0 

O) rr 


P 


to 

O 


to 


t—L VO 


to 


OJ 


cr o 

• • 

h-i to 


-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -O - 1^0 

cc 00 00 CO 00 00 00 CO 00 oc 00 —1 —1 -1 -1 

O O O C. O HC vOvO^O O 00 


c n 

U 

(Jj 

Ui 

p 

P 

P 

P 

n 

n 

O 

n 

0 ^ 

0 

S O 

0 

a 

CD 

a 

a> 

cn 

x 

w 

C/3 

C/3 

w 

c/3 

v< 


U 

CO 

CO 

P 

c 

c 

n> 

0 

- 0 

- n 

cc 

$ 5 

* « 

a 

a» 

a 

If! 

C/3 

C/3 

C/3 

X 

X 


GO 

c 

o 

o 

r& 

c/3 

c/3 



00 

n 

o 

c/3 

x 


7: 


BATTLES IN THE SOUTH'. 

Showing Bat 1 lea, Gen., & Successful 

Date of mo. Year EaHle Am Gen’l Br.Gen’l Am. Success 1 



























2.1 


Xaiistor3r of tiie XT. S. 

Period of Independence. 

The united colonies or states lived under the Articles 
of Confederation about four years after peace was de¬ 
clared between England and the colonies. 

The Federal Constitutional Convention was held in 
1787. Washington presided over this convention. The 
said convention formed and adopted the present consti¬ 
tution of the U. S. All states rattified the constitu¬ 
tion in a short while. 

The General Government was divided into three de¬ 
partments viz: Legislative, Judicial and Executive. 

The “Federal Ratio,” was adopted about 1787 or 
1788 allowing five slaves to be counted as three white 
(free) men. 

In 1789 George Washington was elected as first Presi¬ 
dent of the U. S., J. Adams Vice-President, served two 
terms. The principal events of both of Washington 
terms were the following: 


Was lp p 61 op H clrp ip isf r at iop. 

1. I toil’s work as agreatfinancier. The Revolu¬ 

tionary war debt of$80,000,000,000 pri ncipaMy managed by 
Hamilton, he divided it into three parts: 1st. That due 
by the Confederation abroad. 2nd. That due at home. 
3rd. That due by each state independant of the Confed¬ 
erated govern men t. 

2 Franklin Anti-slavery petition 1791. 

3. Philadelphia made capital 1791 

4. A national Bank was established in 1791, 

.7 Kentucky was admitted in 1792. 

<>. 1793 trouble with France (Gent.) 

7. 1794 Way ns victory over little Turtle. 

8. 1794 Whiskey Rebellion 







12 


ttl&toxy ©ftlxe XT. 3. 


Hclams Hdmiipstratior}. 

John Adams, inaugurated in 1797. Thomas Jeffer - 
son was Vice-President served one term. There was 
much trouble with France. A navy departed, was 
created under Adams administration in the year of 1798. 

The Allen and Sedition laws were passed in 1798. 
The Alien Laws gave the president power to order 
out of this country any foreigner whom he thought dan¬ 
gerous to the public good and also to lengthen the time 
of residence for a foreigner to become naturalized. 

The Sedition Law made it unlawful to unduly 
criticise the government. 

Washington died in 1799. 

Washington City was made capital in 1800. The 
trouble with France was also settled in 1800. 


?Jef Person Hd ministration. 

Jefferson was inagurated in 1801-1809 Burr was 
his Vice, Jefferson served two terms. War with Tripoli 
occured in 1801. Barbarious states of N. Africa interfer¬ 
ing with American vessels, this war was settled in 1805 
by a treaty of peace. 

Ohio was admitted in 1803, Feb , 19tli. 

Tonisiana was also purchased in 1803. 

The President sent Lewis and Clark in 1804 to ex¬ 
plore the western part of the IT. S , they crossed the 
Rocky Mountains, they went to the Pacific Ocean, and 
after having been engaged three years they returned. 

Jefferson was re-elected in 1804. Burr was defeated as 
\ ice-President, he claimed Hamilton as being the cause 
of his defeat and challenged Hamilton for a duel, it was 
accepted the results were that Hamilton was killed, 

First Steam boat was invented by Robert Fulton in 
1807, 

England and France were at war, the U. S was 





lETistorisr oftlxe XT. S 


1.3 


neutral. France decreed against her vessels entering 
any European ports. These decrees were issued by Na¬ 
poleon at Milan and Berlin, thus known as the Milan 
and Bei lin decrees. 

The Embargo Act was passed by the U. S. in 1808. 

Non-Intercourse Act passed in 1807. 


Madisoi} JTdrxjir^istratioi}. 

Madison was inaugurated in 1809, Clinton was Vice. 
Madison served two terms. 

The Slmwnee war with an Indian tribe occured in 
1811. 

Louisiana was admitted in 1812. 

The war of 1812 began in the year of its name, be- 
tween the U. S. and England. The cause of this war was 
the impressment of American seaman. The result was 
the malntainance or securance of seamans rights. Some 
of the noted American commanders in this war were: 
Miller, Hull, Croghan, Harrison and Brown, British 
were: Hancock, Prevost, Riall and Proctor. 

The Indians led by Tecumseli gave great aid to the 
British during the w 7 ar. Peace was declared Dec.-1814. 

The battle of New Orleans was fought after peace 
was declared, American success. 

Washington was burned in 1814. 

War with the Creeks in 1813. 

War with Algiers in 1815, this war, on account of bar- 
barious country in N. Africa interfering with American 
maritime rights. 

The State of Indiana was addmitted in 1816. 


JAMES MONROE Administraton. 

Monroe was inaugurated in 1817. 1). 1). Topkins 

was his Vice. Monroe served two terms, five states were 
admitted during this administration viz: Mississippi was 






IE2:istory cf tlie TT. S. 




admitted in 1817, Illinois in 1818, Alabama in 1819, 
Main in 1820 and Missouri admitted in 1821. The Mis¬ 
souri Compromise was passed in 1820 declaring all states 
admitted North of 36° 30'N, Latitude should come in as 
free states and South of this line should come in as slave 
states. 

Florida was purchased of Spain in 1819. 

War with the Seminole Indians in 1818. Jackson in¬ 
vaded Florida in 1818, he went beyond orders. 

Monroe’s administration was so prosperous until it was 
called the “era of good feeling.” 


J. Q. ADAMS Administration. 

J. fy. Attains was inaugurated in 1825 served only 
one term. A final treaty with the Creeks was formed in 
1826. Two prominent Americans died during Adams 
administration viz John Adams and Thomas Jefferson 
died on 4th of July, in 1826. 

The first railroad track was built in 1827. The 'ques¬ 
tion of high tariff was the principal topic of 1828. 


JACKSON Administration. 

Andrew Jaeksen was inaugurated in 1829, served 
two terms. Calhoun was Vice. The Black hawk war 
Indian war, occured in 1832. 

The question of renewing the Charter of the National 
Bank was vetoed by the president in 1832 Jackson re¬ 
moved many prominent officeis. The tariff Act of Jack- 
son administration caused great trouble. S. C. passed 
the. Nullification ordinance in 1 8 3 2, civil war wa« 
threatened, finially settled by measures offered by Clay, 
in 1833. First American locomotive invented in 1833 
McCormicks reaper was invented in 1834. War with the 
Seminole Indians in 1835. Screw propeller invented in 

1836. Arkansaw admitted in 1836. Michigan admitted 
in 1837 






1.5 


ZEiistory of t!h.e XT. S. 


MARTIN VAN BUREN Administration. 

Bureii was inaugurated in 1837, served one term - 
The great financial panic came in 1837, bank notes 
became worthless etc., sub-treasury system brought 
about in 1837. 

Patriot war in Canada in 1837. 


HARRISON and TYLER Administration. 

Blsirrison was inaugurated in 1841. Tyler was Vice. 
Harrison served but little over one month. Tyler be¬ 
came president, served out unexpired term. 

There was a rebellion in Rhode Island known as Dorrs 
Rebel lion caused by constitutional troubles of the 
srate. The northern boundary line of the U. S. was settled 
in 1842 by a treaty known as the Webster and Asburton 
treaty* 

The i . S. had some trouble with the mormons in Illi¬ 
nois in 1844. 

POLKS Administration. 

Texas was annexed to the U. S. territory during the 
close of Tylers administration. 

The campaign cry of Polk and Clay was Polk and 
Texas. Clay’s men cried Clay and no Texas. 

Polk was elected, inaugurated in 1845. Texas was 
adiritt d the same year. The Mexican war began in 
1846, 1 sted quite two years; treaty of Gaudalupe 
Hidalg* closed the war in 1848, much territory was ob¬ 
tained by the U S. by said treaty 

Iowa was admitted in 1846. The Smithsonian Insti¬ 
tute one of the best of its kind was founded in 1846 

Oregon boundary treaty was made in 1846. 

Wisconsin was admitted in 1848. 

Gold was discovered in California in 1848, caused this 
country to soon become thickly inhabited and able to 
apply for admission. 





IE£istor 3 ; r of tlxe XT S. 


16 


TAYLOR and FILMORE Administration. 

Taylor was inaugurated in 1840, lived about lb 
months after inauguration. Filmore was Vice, and acted 
as President for unexpired term, Clay’s Omnibus 
Bill of 1850 was passed: this bill contained about four 
conditions principally in respect of slavery California 
was admitted in 1850. 


FRANKLIN PIERCE Administration. 

Pierce was inaugurated in 1853. Wm. R. King was 
Vice. Pierce served one term. 

Kansas and Nebraska Bill by senator Douglas in 1854. 
This provided for said people of territories, to decide 
whether they should be admitted as slave, or free state 
thus began the struggle. <Gadsden purchase in 1853, 
by which the U. S. acquired a vast territory in S. W. U. 

A treaty was made with Japan in 1854, this opened 
the way to commerce between the U. S. and Japan 
First World’s Fair in America in 1853. 


BUCHANAN Administration. 

Buchanan was inaugurated in 1857. J. C- Breckin¬ 
ridge Vice, Buchanan served only one term. 

The famous Died Scott decision occured in 1857. Scott 
was carried to a free state, he sued his owner for freedom, 
the Supreme Court decided that owners had a right to 
own their slaves any where as they had a right to own 
other property; much trouble arose from this. 

Minnesota was admitted in 1858 

The Atlantic Cable was laid in 1858. 

Oregon was admitted in 1859. The slavery question 
ran high during this period, secession was strongly 
threatened, a civil war was much anticipated. 








EEistorv of tlxe XT. 3 117 

Principal events of LINCOLNS Adm nistration. 

Lincoln was inaugurated March 4th 1861. Andrew 
Johnson was Vice, Lincoln served one term, one month 
and 11 days, he was assasinated April 15th, 1865. 

Fort Sumpter surrendered April 14th, 1861, to the Con¬ 
federates. 

Four states seceded in 1861, viz: Virginia, Arkansaw, 
North Carolina and Tennessee. 

War for Southern Independence began in 1861. 

January 1st, 1863, Lincoln signed his Emancipation 
Proclamation declaring all slaves free in the U. S. 

West Virginia was admitted in 1863. 

Nevada was admitted in 1864, 

Lincoln elected for second term in 1864. 

Surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court House Apr. 9 
in 1865. 

Johnson, became President, on the 16th of April, 1865, 
the 13th amendment added to the Constitution. 

The State of Nebraska was admitted in 1867. Alaska 
was purchased from Russia in 1857 for the sum of $7,200, 
000 The impeachment of Johnson occured in 1868. 
Charges were brought by the house, the vote in the 54 
stood 35 for guilty, just like one vote of losing office, 
Johnson was acquited, 

The 14th amendment adopted in 1868. 


GRANTS Administration. 

Grant was inaugurated in 1869-76. The Union and 
Pacific Railroad was built in 1869, Colfax was Vice. 
Washington treaty made in 1871. 

The Modoc war between the U. S., and an Indian tribe 
of that name in 1871. 

Grant was re-elected in 1872. Wilson elected Vice. 

A business panic occured in 1873. 

The Sioux war in 1872. 

The Philadelphia Centenial and the admission of Col- 





IS 


SS is tor 37 " of tire XT, S. 


orado oceured in 1876 

Klectorial Commission in 1876. 


Principal Battles and Generals of the Civil War. 

BATTL.ES OF 1S61. 

1. Fort Sumter April 13th, between Beauregard and 
Anderson, it was a Confederate success. 

Bull Run, fought in S. C. July 21st, Johnson (J. E.) 
and Beauregard Confederates generals against McDowel 
(Union): Confederate success. 

Wilson Creek Mo., fought August 10th, between ■ 
McCulloch and Price, Confederates generals; and Lyon 
(Union). Con f Oder ate success. 

Lexington Mo., battle was fought Sept, 20th be¬ 
tween Price (Conf ) and Mulligan Confederate success 

Belmont Mo., battle was fought November, 7th, be¬ 
tween Polk (Conf.) and Grant, (Union) it was a Confeder¬ 
ate success. 

BATTLES OF 1S62. 

Mill Springs Ky., battle was fought Jan., 19th, be¬ 
tween Crittenden (Conf) and Thomas, (Union) it w'as a 
Union success, 

Fort Donaldson Tenn., battle was fought Feb., 16th, 
between Bucker (Conf) and Grant, (Union). This was a 
Union success. 

Pea Ridge Ark., battle fought March 5-8th. Van Dorn 
and Price x (Conf.), against Curtis, (Union). It was a 
Union success. 

March, 9th, battles between the ships Monitor and 
\ irginia under the commands of Buchanan (Conf) and 
Worden, (Union) this battle was indecisive, 

Shiloh battle was fought April 6th, between A S. 
Johnson (Conf) and Grant, (Union) it was a Conf. success. 

^ Pittsburg landing Tenn.. A battle was fought April 
7th, between Beauregard (Conf) and Grant and Buell 








IE=List©r 3 r of t!h.e XT. S. 


1© 


(Union) it was a Union success. 

2nd battle of New Orleans, La., was fought April 25th 
between Lovell and Farragut, Union success. 

Williamsburg, Va„ battle was fought May 5th, be¬ 
tween J. E. Johntson, (Conf) and McClellen. This battle 
was indecisive. 

Seven Pine Va,, battle was fought May 31st, between 
J. E. Johnston (Conf ), and McClellan It was indecisive, 

Jackson’s Valley Campaign was in Va.. in May and 
J une, Jackson (Conf.), against Banks, Milroy, Sheilds and 
Fremont, (Unions). This Campaign was a Conf. success. 

The battle of Seven Days was fought in Va., from June 
25th to July 1st, between Lee (Conf.), and McClellan 
(Union). This was a Conf. success. 

The second Bull Run battle was fought Aug. 30th, be¬ 
tween Lee (Conf), and Pope, Conf. success. 

Antietam battle was fought in Md., Sept. 17th, between 
Lee (Conf.), and McClellan. It was indecisive. 

Iuka Miss., battle was fought Sept. 19th, between Price 
(Conf.), and Rosecrans, (Union). This was a Union 
success. 

Corinth Miss., battle was fought Oct., 3—4th, between 
Price and Van Dorn (Conf.), and Rosecrans, (U n i o n). 
Union success. 

Perryvilie Ky., battle was fought: between Bragg 
(Conf.), and Buell (Union). A Conf. success. 

Fredericksburg Va., battle was fought Tec. 13th, be¬ 
tween Lee (Conf ), and Burnside-Union. Conf. success. 

Murfreesboro Tenn., battle was fought between Bragg 
and Rosecrans, Dec. 31st Union success. 

BATTLES OF 1 *63. 

Galveston Tex., battle was fought on Jan. 1st, between 
Magrilder Conf., and Renshaw Union. Conf. success. 

Chancellorsville Va,, battle was fought on May 2-3 be¬ 
tween Lee -Conf., and Hooker. Conf. success. 

Gettysburg Penn., battle was fought July l-3rd, be- 



20 


Xlistorof t!h-e TJ. 3. 


tween Lee-Conf., and Mead-Union, A Union success 

Vicksburg was fought or ended July 4tli, between Pem¬ 
berton -Conf,, and Grant -Union. This was aUnion 
success. 

Chickaruauga Ga , was fought Sept. 19-20th, between 
Bragg -Coni'., and Hosecrans. A Conf. success. 

Chattanooga Tenn, battle was fought Nov. 24-25th. 
Union success. 

BATTLES OF 1S64. 

.Olustee Fla , was fought Feb 20th, between Finnegan 
and Colquitt -Conf., and Seymour-Union Conf. success. 

Mansfield La., w r as fouglit April 8th between Taylor 
-Conf.. and Banks -Union. Conf. success-* 

Wilderness Va., fought May 5-7th, between Lee and 
Grant. It was a Conf. success. 

Spotsylvania C. H. Va., fought May 8-18th, between Lee 
-Conf., and Grant -Union. A Conf. success. • 

RasaeaGa., battle fought May 14-15th, between J. E. 
Johnson -Conf., and Sherman -Union. This was an inde¬ 
cisive battle, 

Dallas Ga., battle was fought May 25-28th, between 
J. E. Johnston -Conf, and Sherman -Union. Indecisive. 

Cold Harbor Va,, battle fought June 3rd, between Lee 
-Conf. and Grant -Union. It was a Conf. success. 

Battle between the ships, Alabama-Conf,, and the 
Kearsarge fought June 19th. Semmes -Conf., and Wins¬ 
low -Union. This was a Union success, 

Atlanta Ga., battle was fought July 20-28th, between 
Hood -Conf., and Sherman -Union. It wash Union 
success. 

Franklin Tenn., battle was fought between Hood -Conf., 
and Schofield -Uuion. This was a Conf. success. 

Nashville Tenn., battle was fought Dec, 15-16tli, be¬ 
tween Hood -Conf., and Thomas -Union. A Union 





History- of tire TT. S 21 

BATTLES OF 1865. 

Averysboro N, C., battle fought March 15th, betweeu 
J. E. Johnson, and Sherman. -Union Indecisive. 

Bentonville N. C., battle was fought March 18th, be¬ 
tween J. E. Johnson -Conf. and Sherman, Indecisive. 

Five Forks Ya,, battle was fought April 1st., between 
Lee and Grant. Union success. 

Petersburg Va., battle was fought April 2nd, between 
Lee and Grant. Union success. 

Surrender at Appomattox Va, Lee surrendered to 
Giant April 9th, 1865. 


HAYS’ Administration. 

flay!!) was inaugurated March 4th, 1877, 

The Fedi ral soldiers were withdrawn from the south¬ 
ern states in 1877. 

The Carpet bag government in the South fell. 

Railroad riots at Pittsburg, Chicago and St. Louis 
caused much trouble. 

Financial Legislation in 1878. Silver which had been 
demonitized in 1873 was restored to its place, in the cur¬ 
rency of the country. The Resumption Act went into 
effect during this administration. 

The National debt refunded in 1878-9. 

The Telephone was perfected by Bell and Graham in 
1877. 

The Electric light introduced in 1878. 

Edison gave to the world the Phonograph in 1877. 

Yellow fever did great damage in the South in 1878. 

-— , j 

GARFIELD and AUTHOR’S Administration. 

<iiarfic5<t was inaugurated in 1881. Soon after his 
accession to Pn sidencv, Garfield became involved in a 
rangle with the Senate over appointments to office. 






22 


X3Zistor37* of tDa.e XT 3. 


The Senators of New York opposed the President’s steps, 
and resigned their seats in Congress. This increased 
bitterness between the two factions of the Republican 
party and indirectly led to the President's death, 

On July 2nd, 1831, Garfield was assasinate 1. Author 
became President. 

It was discovered in 1881, that the government was be¬ 
ing defrauded out of many million dollars by the “star 
route” contractors. 

There was an important legislation in 1883 The law 
against Poligaray was passed, Civil Service reform bill. 
The tariff bill lowering import charges and the re¬ 
duction of letter postage all occured in 1883. 

Cincinnatti Riot occured in 1884. 


CLEVLAND’S First Administration. 

deviant! was inaugurated in 1885. Hendricks was 
Vice. Clevland served only one term, he was called the 
“reform” President. 

There were two prominent men died during the begin¬ 
ning of Clevland’s administration: ex-President Grant 
died July 23 1885. Vice-President Hendricks died Nov. 

25th 1888. 

An inter-state Railroad Commission, was appointed. 
A more stringent law on polygamy among the mormons 
and a law prohibiting Chinese imigration for a period of 
ten years were all established in 1887. 

Labor troubles occured in 1886. Strikes all over the U.S. 
France presented to the U. S. a statute of liberty dur¬ 
ing Cleavland administration; this was given to show 
France’s admiration for the U.S. 

An earthquake occured at Charleston S. C. on Aug. 31 
1888. ‘ 3 





EHistorir of t!h.e XT. S 


23 


HARRISON’S Administration. 

Harrison was inaugurated in 1888. Levi P. Morten 
was Vice. Harrison served one term. 

Pan-American congress met in 1889. 

The McKinly bill, Sherman act, and the Diplomatic 
troubles, The New Orleans Mafia dispute over Samoan 
Island and the threatened war with Chilli all occured 
during Harrison’s administration. 

[The above congress, bill, act and diplomatic troubles 
will be fully explained in the latter part of this subject, 
“headed peculiar terms, sayings, names, bills and acts.”] 

Congress made appropriation and let out contracts for 
the construction of first class battle ships. 

Four new states were admitted in 1889 viz: North and 
South Dakotas, Montana and Washington. 

There were steps taken towards the annexation of 
Hawaii in 1893. 

The eleventh census was taken in 1890, had gained 
25 per cent, numbered 62,622,250, 

Oklahoma opened for settlement in 1889, covering 40000 
square miles. 

Johnstown flood occured May 13th, 1889. A column of 
water 40 feet deep and one half mile wide swept the 
little city, more than 2,000 people were destroyed, $10, 
000,000 worth of property were lost. 

The presidential campaign of 1893 resulted in a dem¬ 
ocratic success. 


CLEAVLAND’S Second Administration. 
Cleveland second term began in 1893. Stevenson 
was Vice, 

The financial crisis came, and an extra session of Con¬ 
gress was summoned by the President to repeal the 
Sherman Act 

A revision of the tariff by the Wilson bill, disagreenent 





2^ 


History of tire XT S. 


between the Senate and House of Representatives in re¬ 
spect to said act or bill. 

An act was passed for the admission of Utah. 

The quarrell which had been between the U. S. and 
England in regards to fishing in the Behring sea was 
settled by an Arbitration in 1893. 

Columbian Exposition 1893, 


Sayings Of Great Men. 

Patrick Henry said: “if it be treason make the 
best of it,” in making a speech to arouse the colonist to 
set aside England’s power in America. 

Gateswortli Pinckney said: “Millions for de¬ 
fense but not one cent for tribute.” In 1799 there was 
some trouble between U. S, and France; France failed to 
receive the U S. commissioners unless a present of $240000 
or a loan on the U. S. to the government of France. 
Pinckney uttered the memorial words above. 

Henry Clay said: “he had rather be right than 
President ” 

Perry said: “we have met the enemy and they are 

ours,” 

Lawrence said during his last hours “dont give up 
the ship.” 

Sir Humphry Gilbert said: “it was as near to 

heaven by sea as by land, ” 

AMERICAN HISTORIANS. 

.Balm Gathrop .Hot Icy wrote a history of the 

United Netherlands. 

Wm. IS. Prescott. His works was Ferdenand and 
Isabella, Conquest of Mexico and Conquest of Peru, 
Washington Irving, one of his famious works was 
the life of Washington in five volumes. 

George Bancroft, the most famous American his¬ 
torian wrote a history of the l T , S. 



XaCistory of t3a.e XT. S. 


25 


Frances Parkman, wrote a history of the rise anrl 
fall of the French in America. 

John Fiske, he wrote an extensive work on Amer¬ 
ican Revolution. 

.Jared Sparks, wrote the library of American Biog¬ 
raphy. 


AMERICAN INVENTORS. 

Peter Cooper, he erected the Cooper Union for 
Seience and Art in 1854-59, proved strength to industry. 

Charles Goodyear, discovered the Vulcanizing 
process. 

Samuel F. Morse, invented the Electro-Magnetic 
Telegraph in 1837, 

S^li Whitney, invented the Cotton Gin in 1791, 

Samuel Colt, invented the celebrated revolver of his 
name in 1829. 

Itiehard Hoe, invented a rotary printing press in 
1847. 

Thomas Edison, invented electric lights, phono¬ 
graphs, etc. 

Cyrus W. Field, invented the submarine telegraph. 

Elias Howe, invented the Sewing Machine in 184b. 

Oliver Evans, was an inventor, 

AlexanderCrraham Bell, invented the Telephone. 

Cyrus r!'I. McCormiek, invented the McCormicks 
reaper in 1334. 

Ilohert Fulton, invented the Steam boat in 1807. 


SOME AMERICAN POETS. 

Henry W. Eongfellow, author of the Psalm of 
Life and many oth r poems, 

Oliver W 3f alines, wrote many poems author, 
Atlantic Monthly. 




2© 


ZE^istory" of tlxe XT S. 


J. R. Lowell, author of many poems. 

Ralph P. Emerson was a poet, contributed largely 
to periodical events. 

Eds, r ar Poe, he was one of the most remarkable 
American poets. 

Bryant Whittier, author of a work known as the 
‘ Embargo ” 


BILLS, ACTS and DECLARATIONS. 

“Monroe Doctrine”, was a declaration of the 
President Monroe, referring to the proposed intervention 
of Allied powers 

The President said: That any attempt, on their part to 
extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere, 
dangerous to our peace and safty. And that the Amer¬ 
ican continents are hence forth not to be considered as 
subjects for further colonization by any European powers. 

Tenure Otliee Act, this act provided with certain 
exceptions, every officer appointed with the concurence 
of the Senate should retain his office until a succesor 
should be in like manner appointed passed in 1867. The 
act was repealed in 1887 

Sherman Aet, was passed in 1890, July 14th, pro¬ 
vided for the purchase of 4,500,000 ounces of silver each 
month and provided I'm- the coinage of 2,000,000 ounces 
of silver each month, 

Pan-American Con tire**, met in 1889. Composed 
of 66 delegates. The object of the meeting was the pro¬ 
motion of friendly feeling and closer intercourse between 
the American peoples. 

Behring; Sea Arbitration, the quarrel between the 
l\ S. and England concerning Seal fishing i n the 
Behring sea brought about said arbitration, met at Paris 
in 1893. The claim of the U. S. to Ihe sea was not sus¬ 
tained the prevention of wholesale destruction of the. 
seals was w< n. 






HHTistorv - cf t3a.e TJ. S 


sr7 


Back Salary GraS), 

Navigation Acts, were passed by England as early 
as 1651 compelled the colonist to send their products to 
England. So the colonists had to sell their goods or 
products at England’s price. 

Importation Act, passed in 1733 placed heavy re¬ 
strictions upon the colonial commerce with the West 
Indies. 

Stamp Act, was passed by England in 1765. Every 
legal document had to be executed upon stamped paper 
furnished by the British government. 

The Embargo Act, was passed in 1807 forbiding 
American- vessels to leave and British vessels to enter the 
ports of the United States. 

Aon-Intercourse, was passed in 1898 permitting 
commerce with all nations except England and France. 

Sedition and Alien Laws, explained under J. 
Adams’ Sr. administration, andthat the silver legislation 
act of Feb. ‘28th, 1878 was repealed, 

The Purchasing Clause of the Sherman act was re¬ 
pealed in 1893. 

Wilson bill (in 1893) provided for a sweeping reduction 
of duties especially on raw materials to be used in man¬ 
ufactures. This bill passed the house, failed to pass the 
Senate; they changed it by amendments which made it 
practically another bill it finally passed both houses. 

Alabama claims, was a claim the U. S. made for 
damages done b y England assisting t h e confederate 
states during Civil war. England paid U. S. several 
million dollars for damages or said claims. 

The Eicctorin! Commission, was appointed in 1876 
it consisted of five Senators, five Representatives and 
live Judges of the Supreme Court of this number there 
were seven Democrats and eight Republicans, 




2S 


lE^istor^ of tlh-e XX S. 


GREAT MEN CALLED PECULIAR NAMES. 

.VoBiis Smith, known as the “savior of Virginia 
colony.” 

Oeorgc Washington, “Father of America.” 
Marion, was called “Swamp Fox,”, 

Sumpter,was called “Game Cock.” 

Henry Lee, (father of R. E Lee), was called ‘Light 
Horse Hary.’’ 

Henry Clay, was called “Hary of the West and the 
Idle of the Whig Party.” 


BILLS and ACTS. 

Sqatter Soveriegnty, was the term applied to Sen¬ 
ator Douglass’ bill i. e. allowing the people of Kansas the 
right to decide wether slavery should exist or not in 
state when admitted. 

Critteiidon Compromise, was introduced by John 
J.Crittendon in 1860. The proposition would have divided 
the country into a free and slave State, the line would 
have been 36° 30’, and that the U. S. was to pay the owner 
for fugitives rescued, the proposition was a failure, 


Milan and Berlin Decrees. 

Niilification Art, was passed during Andrew Jack- 
son’s Administration. This act considered the act of Con¬ 
gress in respect to tariff null and void, this was the work 
of South Carolina, 

Drcd Scott Decision. Scott was a slave. The owner 
moved to a free State, Scott s u e d for freedom. The 
Supreme Court decided against Scott, it was decided that 
slaves were property and that on being carried to a free 
State by owner did not forfeit ownership. This decision 
was in 1857. - r; & 

“Federal SSatio. ’’was the allowance, in early history, 






HHEistor^ of tlh.e TT. S' 


29 


of five slaves being counted in numbers as three free or 
white men or persons. This was done to get the repre¬ 
sentatives to population. 

Wilmonts Proviso, was introduced by David Wilmont 
in 1846. This bill provided that neither slavery nor in¬ 
voluntary servitude shall ever exist in the territory of 
first Mexican cession, (excluding Texas). This bill or 
proviso passed the lower house but failed to pass the 
Senate, This bill was discussed for several years, but 
such a provision or bill never passed both houses until 
1861, then such a proviso, was established, which pro- 
hibted slavery in any territories of the United States now 
existing or which may be hereafter acquired. 

Back Salary drab. 


STATESMEN OF AMERICA. 

Statesmen of the Early Republic: 

Pewit Clinton, Rufus King, Timothy Pickering. Gou- 
verneur Morris, Albert Galatin, Josiah Quincy, Alexan¬ 
der Hamilton, John Randolph and Charles C. Pinckney. 

Statesmen of the Middle Period: 

Stephen A, Douglass, John C, Calhoun, Henry Clay, 
Thomas Benton, Silas Wright, Robert Winthrop, W. L, 
Marcy, Edward Everett and Daniel Wbester. 

Statesmen of Civil War Period: 

Thaddeus Stevens, Horatio Seymour, B. F. Wade, 
Horace Greek, Edwin M. Stanton, Henry Wilson, Thur- 
low Weed and Win. H. Seward. 

CONFEDERATE STATESMEN. 

Robert Toombs, Judah P, Benjamin, Jefferson Davis, 
and Alexander Stephens. 

Statesmen of Recent Times: 

John Sherman, William M Evarts, John G. Carlise, 
George F. Edmunds, James Blaine, George Wm, Curtis’ 






30 


IE£istor;y of t!b.e XT S. 


Allen Thurmond, Schurz, Tilden and Boyard. 


NAVAL COMMANDERS. 

Naval Commanders of War of 1812: 

D. Porter, James Lawrence, William Bainbridge, Oliver 
H. Perry, Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart. 

Naval Commanders of the Civil War: 

D . G. Faragut, A. H. Foote, John A Winslow, S. F. 
Dupont, Raphael Semmes, John L. Worden, John A. 
Dohlgreen and David D. Porter. 

Naval Commanders of War of 1898: 

William T. Sampson, Charles D. Sigsbee, John D. Long 
(Secretary of Navy), Geoige Dewey and Winfield S. Schley . 

U. S. Peace Commissioners of War of 1898: 

Win. R. Day, Cushman K. Davis, W. P. Frye, George 
Gray and Whitelaw Reid. 

Spanish War of America of 1898 was declared April 
21st, 1898. 

Cuba was declared independent by the U. S on April 
19th, 1898. 

Battle of Manilla, was fought May 1st., 1898. The 
C, S. naval squadron viz: Olimpia, Baltimore, Raleigh, 
Petrel, Concord and Boston under Commodore Dewey de¬ 
stroyed the Spanish squadron under Admiral Montojo. 
Spanish lost two commanders and about 650 men killed 
and wounded, Americans had six men wounded. 

Battle of Santiago, was fought July 1st and 2nd, 
1898, The American army numbered about twenty 
thousand men, commanded by General Shatter, attacked 
the Spanish of about same number under Linares and 
Toral, the Spandiards were defeated; the American loss 
were about 250 men Killed and wounded. The Spanish 
fleet under Admiral Cervera was destroyed July 3rd by 





History of tire XJ. S. 


31 


the American fleet led by Admiral Sampson. Spanish 
loss about 700 killed and 1500 taken prisoners. Ameri¬ 
can loss one killed. 

Santiago surrendered to Shatter July 171h, Americans 
took possession of Santiago July 18th. 

The Treaty ofPeace, to settle the war of 1898 was 
Signed by Mckinley, Feb% 10th, 1899, by Queen Regent 
March 17th, 1899, 


REBELLIONS OF THE U. S. 

Clayl>orn§ Rebellion, 1 6 3 5. Repeated 1 6 4 5. 
Caused by a dispute over the Kent Island. 

Baeon§ Rebellion in 1676. 

Sliays „ ,. 1786. 

Dorrs „ „ 1842. 

Whiskey Insurrection - in 1794. 

South Carolina Nnlilication in 1832. 

Civil war - in 1861. 

Black Friday. 


THE EN1), 














Oi-^ril OirOT7-er3n.merxt. 


33 


book: 


Clirm Gfoi'KHXMKX'l'. 


The Government of the U. S. is a pure democracy 
“of the people, by the people, and for the people. 

The Federal Government, is divided into three 
departments viz: Executive, Legislative and Judicial. 

The Executive department execute the law. 

The Legislative makes the law. 

The Judicial interprets the law. 

Citizens of our Government, are all those who 
were born in this country or foreigners who have become 
citizens by the laws of naturalization. 

Aliens, are those born in foreign countries whether 
living here or in foreign countries. But after living 
! ere a Certain number of years they may become citizens. 
They have not all the rights of a citizen t h e y can not 
vote in this country. 




3^ Oivzil Government, 


Naturalization. The process under which an Alien 
may become a citizen is called naturalization. An Alien 
may become naturalized after having lived in the U. S, 
five years. He must on oath before an open court declare 
that it is his intention to become a citizen. After the 
oath has been made the Alien must live in the state, 
where the oath was made, two years, he then becomes a 
citizen by an oath that he will support the constitution 

Executive Department. The President is the 
Cheif Executive officer of the U. S. He must be 35 years 
old, a natural born citizen or a citizen of the U. S., four¬ 
teen (14 years) prior to the adoption of the constitution. 
The term of office is four years. The salary of the Presi¬ 
dent is $50,COO per year. 

How the President is elected. The people < f 

the various srates cast their votes for the electors of sai 1 
state. There are as many electors in each state as there 
are senators and representatives from said state. The peo 
pie cast their popular vote directly on Tuesday after the 
first Monday in November, once in four years; at a fixed 
lime afterwards the electors meet in the electoral colleges 
and cast their votes directly for their choice as President, 
r llu se votes are called the electorial votes. 

The proceedings or two coppies of same are sent to c n- 
gress one by mail and tlie other by a messenger. 

The sealed p.oceedings from the various states are 
opened before the body, counted, and the successful cani- 
C.ate is declared elected. 

The President's Cabinet, is composed of n i n e 
members including the President and eight other mem¬ 
bers viz; Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury, Sec¬ 
retary of Navy, Sicietaiy of Agriculture, Post Master 
General, Secretary of War, Secretary of Interior and the 
Attorney General. Vice only acts when President is 
absent. h9H .. ■ 



C^iTril <3-o-ver:n.:m.erLt. 


35 


Diplomatic Service. The officers of this service 
have to do chiefly with governments of foreign countries. 
They reside at the capitals of nations or countries to 
which they are sent. They receive instructions of the 
President through the Secretary of State. Their duty is 
to secure favorable considerations to the U. S. interest. 
The Diplomatic officers are usually called “Envoy Extra¬ 
ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary.” The salaries of 
these officers have ranged from $5000 to $17000 per anum. 

The Consular Service. The officers of the Consular 
Service are more numerious than of the Diplomatic Ser¬ 
vice. The Consulars have to do cheifly with the rights 
and interest of individuals, Foreign countries fn - 
quented by American vessels are divided into Counsular 
districts and one Consular is allowed to each district. 
The salary of a Consul range from $10oo to £0000.00 per 
year. 

Congress, is divided into two houses: Senators or 
upper house, Representatives or lower house. 

The Senators represent the state at large. There are 
two Senators allowed each state in order that each state 
may have equal power in making the national laws A 
Senator is elected for a term of six years. 

The Senate is the ablest body, four causes for the same: 
1st. It is composed of fewer members. 2nd. They are 
elected by the state instead of the people. 3rd, The 
term of office is longer. 4th. r lhe qualifications are 
higher. 

Senators must b e thirty years old, a citizen of 
the state he represents, gets a salary of $5000 per year. 

The Representatives represent the people, they are 
elected by the people, they are proportioned to the number 
of inhabitants, about one Representative allowed to every 
30000 inhabitants i e. the number for one representa¬ 
tive shall not exceed 30000. 



3© 


Oi-v-il G-overnment 


All bills for taxes must originate in the lower house, 
because the people have the taxes to pay and Represen¬ 
tatives are of the people directly, 

Territories, are allowed one Representative or dele¬ 
gate in Congress, He can debate on subjects, but can 
not vote. 

A Representative must be 25 years old, a citizen of the 
state he represents 

The Speaker presides over the House of Representa¬ 
tives. He is elected by the members of said body. The 
Speaker gets $8000. per year. 

The House of Representatives has the sole pow¬ 
er of impeaching the upper house or Senators; sits as a 
court. 

Each member of Congress get a salary of $5000, 

Arrest of Members of Congress. Members of 
Congress can not be arrested while Congress is in ses 
sion except in certain cases, 

Members of Congress must be allowed freedom of 
speech while Congress is in session, must not be called in 
debate etc, Can’t be sued, this is to guarantee fullest 
freedom and independence, and they can give the people 
their service, as they were elected to do. 

The U. S. Judicial Depart men I. The U. S. Courts 
are divided into three grades viz: The Supreme Court, 
The Circuit Courts, and The District Courts. 

The Supreme Courts, consists < f nine Judges, they 
listen to appeals from Circuit Courts. 

The Supreme Court has charge of a few cases only. 

The Circuit Courts, are nine i n number, they 
have jurisdiction over the District Courts, the Circuit 
Court ranks next to the Supreme Court. The District 
Courts are the lowest of the Federal Courts in rank, there 
are about fifty eight in number. They hoar the smaller 
taser, appeals are taken fn m them to the Circuit Courts, 



CJi-vil 0-o^errim.ean.t. 


37 


Court of Claims. The U. S. can not be sued; there¬ 
fore Congress has established a Court of Claims to con¬ 
sider all claims brought against the U. S„ it is left to the 
decision of said Court as to whether the claims brought 
against the U. S, shall be paid off or not 

COURTS OF A STATE. 

Court for the trial of impeachment. This is the 
name applied to the upper house of State legislature, 
when trying a public officer for corrupt conduct, 

Supreme Court, is the highest Court of state, con¬ 
sist of several Judges usually three. Appeals may be 
taken to it either in criminal or civil cases. 

Circuil Court, usually are from ten to thirty in a 
state, these Courts are called Circuit Courts in many 
states, one in each county. 

Probate Courts, consists of one Judge, their power 
and duty relate to the property of deceased, 

Chancery Courts. These have certain powers to 
grant releif, etc. 

There are other minor Courts: Courts of common pleas 
having jurisdiction over Civil Cases, somewhat higher 
than Justices Court; also the Courts of Session and the 
Police Court. 

The President with Congress has power of declar¬ 
ing war, 

Letters of Marque and Reprisal are letters issued 
to private persons authorizing them, in the time of war to 
go beyond their land mark or boundary and seize and 
capture vessels of foreign nations also its subjects 

An A rmy , The government has an army or the power 
of raising one at any time. All male citizens not un:ler 
eighteen, nor over forty five years old belong to the U S. 
militia. 

Piracy, is the forcible robbery upon the high seas, 




33 


Oi-vil G-overnment. 


Felony, is sometime applied to capital offences, at 
other times it is applied to all crimes. 

Above misdemeanors, Congress has the power to pun 
ish crimes committed on high seas. 

Congress, has exclusive authority over the District of 
Columbia. 

Implied Powers. Congress is allowed the l ight of 
Implied Powers and under tnis right, it has pasaed laws 
for the establishing national banks, incorporating rail¬ 
roads, and purchasing foreign territories. 

Patent and Copyrights, are granted by an act of 
Congress; these rights are to protect authors and 
inventors. 

Patent A patent is the sole right to make use of 
or sell a new invention. The invention in order to 
secure a patent must be sent to the Commissioner of 
patents. A written description of the invention, with 
models an l drawings, the patent fee, must also accom¬ 
pany the application for patent, an 1 if. the examiners 
find that the work or improvments have notjbeen exam* 
inl b3f.)rj, the patent is secured for a period of seven¬ 
teen years. 

Copyright, is a right allowed to one to write, print 
and sell a book or chart, etc. A Copyright is secured by 
sending two coppies of publications to Congress as soon 
as the work is published. This right secures to the 
author the sole right to sell the book or copyright for 28 
years, and at expiration of said time, the copyright may 
be renewed for 14 years longer. 

Congr ess is forbiden, to pass a bill of attainder. 
This bill is an act or law inflicting punishment upon 
some particular person and comdeming h i m to death 
without a regular trial in a court, such a law can not be 
passed by Congress. 

Fx past facto Law, is a law that makes punish* 



Oi-vil Government, 


33 


able as a crime, an act which was not criminal when 
done, that increases the punishment of a crime after it 
has bean c nn nitta l, such a law is forbilen by Congress. 

OTHER TERMS USED IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

Change on Venue, is the moving of a trial from 
one place to another. 

Franking System, is the free postage allowed 
Congressmen while in Congress. All packages and let¬ 
ters are sent through the mail free of postage, 

Neutral. A nation or country is neutral in the time 
of war, if it doesn’t give aid to either side which is at 
war with each other. 

Contraband of War, is contrary c<> proclamation. 
In time of war, implimeCs, which will aid in carrying 
on war, are no: belligerent to be transported to the other, 
but are held to b j contraband, and are liable, to capture 
and comdemnation. 

Writs of Habeas Corpus. If a prisoner thinks 
his arrest unlawful, said prisoner or any one represent¬ 
ing his interest may have the Judge to issue a writ of 
Habeas Corpus, This writ commands the Sheriff or who¬ 
ever has the prisoner in custody to bring him before the 
Judge; th * Judge decides whether the arrest was law¬ 
ful or unlawful, if the Judge decides that the prisoner 
was lawfully held he remands him to prison, if unlaw¬ 
fully held, he lets him go. 

Head Cock, is the putting a final stopage to a bill, 

Cock Out, is the closing out a bill, not allowing its 
entrance. - 

A Committee of tlie Whole, is when the whole 
house sits as a con mitteo. 

Caucus. The members of certain parties, Caucus, 
when they sit in secrecy planing their schemes for a po- 
litical campaign. 





Oi-vil CS-OTrern.rri.en.t. 


Body Politic. All citizenf of the U, S., constitutes 
the body politic. 

L,ohy, is composed of those who visit Congress to in¬ 
fluence members to pass certain bills or acts, There are 
loby rooms attatched to the national Congress to accomo¬ 
date the loby members, these rooms are called the loby 
rooms, 

The Spoil System, is that system, which sets aside 
old officers, and in their stead appoint new ones. The 
newly appointed officers are selected from the successful 
party in the Presidential campaign, 

“To the Victor belong the Spoils.” There are several 
objections to the Spoil system. 



•V*-^ v — ~<< 




□HEistor of ILvdTississippi. 




-BOOIEfI Second. 



SETTLEMENT. 

Mississippi, was first settled by the French in 1699, 
at Biloxi. 

A fort was built by name, Maurepas, this point of set¬ 
tlement was in Jackson county. De Sauvolle was left in 
command, De Bienville, King’s luieutenant. The seat of 
colonial government was first established at Biloxi. 

About 1704 Bienville visited the Natchez, Indians. He 
witnessed a horrible sight. The Indian village was set on 
fire by a flash of lightening, tribe became excited, threw 
their infants in the flames muttered to the gods of thun¬ 
der to stop the fire. Bienville desirous to put an end to 
the ‘Indians burning their infants, he and his men* 
forced Indians to stop, had he not done thus about 20 0 
infants would have perished in the flames. 





-42 


History of Iv£ississlppi. 


Henri De Tonti was with Bienville during his visit to 
the Natchez; shortly after, De Tonti died was hurried at 
Biloxi. 

Grants were made to Anthony Crozat in 1712 by Louis 
XIV., King of France. Crozat was given the exclusive 
privilege of trading in the immense territory recognized 
as Louisiana, for a period of fifteen years, he was privi¬ 
leged to send a ship to the coast of Africa once a year for 
Negro slaves, also to work all the mines his agents might 
discover, 

This was the first written official declaration by 
Fiance, 

When the contract wassigned Bienville was dismissed, 
Cadillac succeeded him 

Crozat’s grant proved to be of no interest to him; he 
petitioned in 1 7 1 7 to be released from contract. Was 
done at once. 

MISSISSIPPI COMPANY. 

Soon after Crozat was released from his contract, John 
Law a native of Scotland, and a gambler and libertine, 
who had been driven from Paris, organized a stock com¬ 
pany called the Mississippi Company; Law’s influence 
was then predominant, he was privileged to build ships 
of war and declare war against neighboring Indians 

The Company had authority to trade on the Mississippi 
River and the Louisiana Territory for a period of 25 
years. For a while the success was a wonder to the 
world. The Mississippi Company became the company 
of the West. Law established a bank, but in less than 
three years his bank could not redeem its notes; the bank, 
ruptcy of the company checked imigration. 

Bienville was sent with 34 men in 1714, commanded 
by Richbourg and fifteen bargemen to punish the Natchez 
charged with the murder of four Frenchmen. Three 
Indians w r ere imediately executed in the presence of the 
tribe, The others entered into a solemn promise to cut 




iEiistcrj/ of ZbvdTississippi. 




enough timber to build Fort Rosalie and furnish enough 
cypress bark to cover the Fort, and deliver said timber 
and bark upon spot which French directed. 

Fort Rosalie was completed Aug 3rd, 1716. 

The Colony in Mississippi suffered misery for years 
even in its rappid growth, caused by the hostile Indians, 
the Chickasaw -was the most war like tribe in early his¬ 
tory of Mississippi, 

Fort Rosalie, was massacred Nov. 29th, 1729; an¬ 
other Fort was built shortly, by name Fort St. Peter, 

The Cliickasaws drove three formidable armies from 
the battle field in disgrace, which had been sent to drive 
them from their beautiful territory, 


CONTROLED BY ENGLAND. 

The treaty of 1763 which closed the Frencli and In¬ 
dian War, did away with French possesion in Missis¬ 
sippi and other lands East of Mississippi River. 

West Florida, organized in 1763. Captain George 
Johnstone was first Governor of West Florida. 

After treaty there was some trouble between the 
French and English, an expedition of three humdred 
men under Major Loftus was sent to take possession of 
the Illinois country, Loftus reached the point; the Indians 
fired upon Loftus and his men: Loftus retreated without 
firing a gun. 

Galvez, took possession of West Florida in 1781, he 
opened fire from his ships and land batteries April 2nd 
1781. 

Galvez took possession of West Florida for Spain. 

WEST FLORIDA UNDER SPANISH RULES. 

$*j?aiia ruled West Florida until 1795, when the bound¬ 
ary line of the U. S, reached as far South as the 31° 
North lattitude; then the greater part of West Flordia 





-Sb4fc 


X=Cistor37- of ILvdlississippi. 


came under the stars and stripes. 

The Georgia Claims, Georgia claimed that their 
territory reached by virture of their Charter as far West 
as the mississippi River; much trouble arose from these 
claims, but was finally settled by Congress, 


MISSISSIPPI BECOMES A TERRITORY. 

Mississippi Territory was organized in 1 7 9 8, 
Winthrop Sargent was appointed first Territorial Gov¬ 
ernor. The counties organized were very large. Sar¬ 
gent and the territorial Judges formed a code of laws for 
the territory; license for marriage, and license for keep, 
ing taverns were eight dollars The Governor was un¬ 
popular. 

Census of 1800 was 8,850. 

In 1798 Misssissippi territory extended North to 32° 
28' N, latitude, East to the Chattahoochee River, South 
to 31° N. latitude and West to the Mississippi River. 

CLAIBORNE and WILLIAM’S Administration. 

Claiborne arrived at Natchez in 1801; he at once 
won many friends. 

The seat of territorial government was removed from 
Natchez in 1802, to Washington. 

Jefferson College was founded in 1802 near the. town 
of Washington. 

A law for organizing a Militia forterritory was passed 
in 1802. 

Claiborne’s term was growing to an end, when he was 
appointed by the President as one to assist in receiving 
the vast territory of Louisiana. Cato West was left to 
act as governor protem. 

Georgia ceded to the U. S. in 1802, a large tract of 
land for a large price; this was added to Mississippi ter¬ 
ritory in 1804. 







ZESCistor^y of 2>v£Ississippi. 

WILLIAM’S Administration. 

Williams succeeded Claiborne as Territorial Gover¬ 
nor. 

Burr was arrested in 1807. 

The people were privileged to elect their own delegates 
in 1808. 

In 1812 a paper was published in the state called the 
Republican. 

HOLME’S Administration. 

Holmes was appointed Governor in 1809. 

Spanish West Florida was giving great trouble. 

In 1810 second census of territory was taken, the pop¬ 
ulation was 42,352. 

The battle of “burnt corn’’ was fought in 1813. The 
Indians were masters of the field. 

The Indians on the 30th of August 1813, massacred the 
garrison at Fort Mims. This; terrible treagedy stired 
the people throughout the territory Holmes was wide 
awake and great work was done, which taught the In¬ 
dians a lesson, of such outrages. 

MISSISSIPPI as a STATE. 

Mississippi was admitted as a state in 1817. 

David Holmes was the first Governor, Natchez grew 
rapidly, it was the leading town of the new state. 
Grand Gulf, Port Gibson, Rodney and Woodville, were 
flourishing places. 

Academies of high grade regularly chartered, were 
founded in ten counties during Holme’s Administration, 

Jefferson College was prosperous, 

One new county was formed, Covington, in 1819. 

Holmes served three years. 

POINDEXTER’S Administration. 

Poindexter became Governor in 1820,-22. 

The third census found population of the state to be 




DE3Cistor37- of Hx^Cississippi. 


75,448, 

The treaty with the Choctaws at Doak’s Stand was 
made in 1820; the U. S purchased a large track of land 
from the Choctaws between the old line and the bound¬ 
ary of 1820. 

Monroe county organized in 1821 out of the Chickasaw 
cession 

The Poindexter Code was completed in 1822. 

The Literary Fund was established in the legislative 
work of 1821. This fund was to pay for the education of 
poor children and help schools that needed help. 

Hinds county was organized in 1821 out of Choctaw 
cession. 

LEAKE and HOLMES’ Administration. 

Leake, inaugurated in 1822. 

The city of Jackson was laid off in 1822, On 22nd 
of June the legislature directed that the state officers 
should be moved to Jackson the following December. 

Lots could be purchased on easy terms in the newly 
laid off city, with the assurance that the purchaser would 
build at once. 

A system of Probate Courts was created in 1823. 

In 1823 Yazoo county was organized during Governor 
Leak’s administration. Vicksburg grew into commercial 
prominence, A methodist minister name of Newett Vick, 
made plans for this city in 1819, Mr. Lane carried out the 
plans and laid off the city. 

In 1824 two counties were organized out of Choctaw 
cession viz: Copiah and Simpson 

Leake died Nov, 7th, 1825, Brandon acted Governor un¬ 
til the close of the year. Then Holmes was elected for a 
second “state term,” 

HOLMES’ Second Administration. 

During Holme’s second administration aCollege was 
founded at Mount Salus (now by name, Clinton), it 
was changed to Missis ippi College in 1830. 




lE-Xistor^ of I£v£ississippi. 


*±T7 


Jones county was organized in 1826. 

Washington county was organized in 1827. 

Brandon was elected as Governor in 1827. 

BRANDON’S Administration. 

Brandon became Governor in 1828. Two new coun¬ 
ties were organized in 1828, viz: Madison and Rankins. 

The Principal question of Brandon’s administration 
was the removal of the Indians, when the treaty was 
made at Doak's Stand, a tract of land was given the Choc¬ 
taws in Indian Territory, but few moved. The whites 
were determined to have them moved and finally in the 
latter part of September 1830, General John Coffee and 
John H. Eaton succeeded in making a treaty at Dancing 
Rabbit Creek. 

The U, S. conveyed to the Choctaws a tract of land in 
the Indian Territory: the Choctaws ceded to the U ,S., 
the remaining lands which they held in Mississippi and 
Alabama, and agreed to move as soon as possible to their 
new home. 

The Planter’s Bank was established in 1830 

Oakland College founded in 1830. 

Lowndes county was organized in 1830. 

A. M. Scott elected Governor in 1831. 

SCOTT’S Administration. 

Scott was inaugurated in 1832. A Constitutional 
Convention was held at Jackson on the 10th of Septem¬ 
ber, 1832, three changes characterized the constitution, 
viz: 1st. The removing property qualification for office 
and for sufferage. 2nrl. Requiring all counties and 
state officers to be elected by the people. 3rd. The put¬ 
ting an end to the holding any office for life or good be¬ 
havior A “High Court of Errors and Appeals” was pro¬ 
vided- for also- 

William L. Sharkey was elected first Chief Justice dur¬ 
ing Scott’s administration. 



^:S 


:E£istor37- of Zbvdiississippi. 


Tlie treaty with the Chicasaws was made during 
Scott’s administration in 1832, 

In 1833 a partial appropriation was made for the build¬ 
ing of a Governor’s Mansion, and a State House. Ninety 
five thousand dollars for State House and ten thousand 
dollars for the Mansion. 

In 1833, sixteen new counties were organized out of 
the Choctaw cession, viz; Attala, Carroll, Choctaw, Clarke, 
Holmes, Kemper, Leake, Jasper,Neshoba, Noxubee, Oktib¬ 
beha, Scott, Smith, Tallahatchie, Winston, and Yalo¬ 
busha 

LYNCH’S Administration. 

Lilncli was inaugurated in 1830, served to 1838, 

The year 1830 was considered to be one of the most 
prosperous years of the state, bank notes which passed for 
money, were plentiful. 

The last Chickasaw cession was divided into ten counties, 
in 1830, viz: Tishomingo, Tippah, Marshall, Desota, 
Tunica, LaFayette, Pontotoc, Itawamba, Chickasaw and 
Panolo. 

The Union Bank of Mississippi wasestabUshed in 1837, 
Jan, 31st., with a capital stock of $15,500,000 to meet the 
demand of specie payments, 

The great Business Panic of 1837 occured. 

In 1837 McNut elected Governor. 

RUNEL’S Administration. 

Kunel* was inaugurated in 1834. 

Runels called an extra session in 1834, The session 
lasted- eleven days, bitterness arose between the two 
houses and the body soon adjourned, 

Lynch was elected Governor in 1835. 

McNUT’S Administration. 

Me*tit was inaugurated in 1838, 

The Business Panic of 1837 caused Mississippi to bo in 
a condition of bankruptcy and distress in 1838. 



ZESCistor^ of Ifcvdlississlppi. 


4c© 


Banking was the great question of McNutt’s adminis¬ 
tration , 

There was a hot political contest in 1838. Prentiss 
made his famous three days speech, he came before the 
public, also Word, as Whig canidates against Clairbone 
and Gholson Democrat canidates. Prentiss and Word 
were successful after a hard light. Prentiss spoke in 44 
counties, captured the people. 

Boundary line was run between Tennessee and Missis¬ 
sippi in 1838. Mississippi lost some laud instead of gain 
ing more territory. 

in 1839 McNutt wanted to repeal the Charters of all the' 
banks which could not meet their obligations, the legis¬ 
lature did not agree with McNutt, 

A tornado occured at Natchez in 1840. 346 lives were 

known to be lost in the city and it was supposed that five 
or six hundred lives lost on the boats then lying at wharf. 

Andrew Jackson visited the State capitol during the 
latter part of McNutt’s 4 Administration, 

Harrison county was organized in 1841. 

Tucker was elected Governor inl841. 

TUCKER’S Administration. 

Tucker was inaugurated in 1842. 

It was during Tucker's Administration that attention 
was especially directed to the building of levees along 
the Mississippi River. 

It was during the term of Tucker that the defalcation 
of Richard S. Graves, State Treasurer occured for $44,838. 
46. Graves was arrested, charged with embezzlement, 
Graves escaped to Canada by the wise plan of his wife, he 
was never allowed to return to Mississippi. 

BROWN’S Administration. 

Brown was inaugurated in 1844. 



£50 


ZESistor^y’ of IL^Cississippi. 


The University of the State of Mississippi was estab¬ 
lished in 1844. 

36 section of land had been given in trust for the sup¬ 
port of a University; lands from these sections had been 
sold to the amount of $277,332.52, and this sum with $8, 
400 received from rent, constituted the endowment. The 
University was established at Oxford. 

The legislature of 1844 organized two new counties* 
viz: Issaquena and Sunflower. 

Henry Clay visited the eapitol in 1844, he was can¬ 
didate then for President, he stired the people with an 
eloquent speech. Brown began second term in 1846 

Mississippi offered at first, ten companies for the Mex¬ 
ican war, these were accepted and ordered to Vicksburg to 
form a regiment; the command was tendered to Jefferson 
Davis: another regiment was furnished in antum of 1846. 

MATTHEW’S Administration. 

.Hatthews was inaugurated in 1848. 

The Chicasaw school fund came into existence during 
this administration. The Chiekaw Indians forced the U. 

S. (by agreement to sell all the lands). The sixteenth 
section had been given for school purposes and couldn’t ' 
be taken back. Amount of all these sections in the 
Chickasaw counties was 174,550 acres, by the sale of sa'd 
lands, the sum of $816,615 came to the State to hold 
intrust for the Chickasaw counties. The state borrowed 
the money, but pays interest semi-annually This con¬ 
stitutes the Chickasaw School fund. 

An Institution for the blind was established in 1848. 

. Foote was elected in 1849 

QUITMAN’S Administration. 

Qiiifimm was inaugurated in 1850. 

The question of States rights was a question of great 
interest during this administration. 




lE^Cistor^ of Jx^Lississlppi. 


51 


In 1851 Quitman was indicted by a Grand Jury of the 
Federal Court, he was charged with having aided Lopez 
in his expidition against Cuba. He resigned before trial, 
though Quitman was not found guilty of charge. Guion 
acted as Governor for a very short while, then Whitfield 
became Governor, served until regular election. 

Foote was elected Governor. The famous race between 
Davis and Foote for Governor occured during latter part 
of this administration, Foote was successful, but Davis 
caused his party to grow in strength. 

FOOTE’S Administration. 

Foote was inaugurated, in 1852. Foote’s election was 
a triumph over the Whig party 

Anew county was organized in 1852 named Calhoun. 

Jefferson Davis became Secretary of War for the United 
States in 1853. 

The State Lunatic Asylum was established two miles 
North of the capital, in 1853. 

The State was entitled to five representatives by the 
census of 1850, which showed population to be 606,526. 

McRae was elected in 1853. 

McRAE’S Administration. 

McRae was inaugurated in 1854-1858. 

In 1854 an Institution for deaf arid dum was estab¬ 
lished at Jackson, 

The laws of the State was codified in 1857, known as 
the code of 1857 

The New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern Rail¬ 
road was to completed from New Orleans t(*0syka, 

Trouble was much anticipated during this administra¬ 
tion. A civil war was to soon follow this administra¬ 
tion. # 

In 1857 Hon. Jacob Thompson -was appointed Secretary 
of Interior for the U. S. 



52 


ZE-aCistory of IMIississippi. 


McWILLIE’S Administration. 

McWillie was inaugurated in 1858 served to 1860. 

The New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern Rail¬ 
road was completed to Jackson in 1858, first train on said 
road arrived in March, caused much rejoicing. 

Public schools in the State at this period were in a 
prosperous condition. 

Whitworth College was established at Brookhaven 
Miss., for girls, duringMcWillie’s administration. 

“John Brown’s Raid/’ also occured. 

PETTUS’ Administration. 

Puttus was inaugurated in 1860. The State was con¬ 
sidering the withdrawel from the Union. The whole coun¬ 
try was stired. State rights was the cry of the States 
which were in an act of seceding from the Union. The 
Governor called a special session of Congress in 1860, on 
the 26th of November. 

Mississippi senators and representatives in Congress 
resigned their seats and returned to their homes 

A Convention of the seceding States was held at Mont¬ 
gomery Ala., in 1861. A provisional constitution was 
adopted for the Confederate States of America, and Mis¬ 
sissippi came under the “stars and bars M 

In 1861 it was estimated that there were twenty four 
thousand Mississippi troops in the Confederate service. 

The State University closed in 1861 or 1860. 

In 1862 Holly Springs fell. 

Battle of Shiloh in 1862, Beauregard left Corrinth 
and went to Tupelo; he left Corrinth in the hands of the 
Federal troops in 1862: war was hot on Mississippi soil 
in 1862, 

An attempt was made to capture Vicksburg in 1862. 

Grant attacked the capitol in 1862 Johnston met 
Grant and the Federal army did occupy Jackson 
destroyed the military stores, burned the penitentialy, 



S3 


HHIistorjr of 3iv£ississippi. 

and many other valuable buildings. Though the threat¬ 
ened union of Johnston and Pemberton’s army forced 
Grant to abandon Jackson, 

Pemberton met Grant gave Federate battle at Big 
Black Bridge on 17th of May 1863, Pemberton soon with¬ 
drew to the intrenchments at Vicksburg and on May 
18th, began the long siege of Vicksburg. 

THE SIEGE OF VICKSBURG. 

This Siege began on the 18th of May 1863, lasted un¬ 
til July 3rd 1863. 

The Confederates made a bold stand in the defense of 
the city but after many days <>f hard fighting their food 
gave out men became weak, had to even use mule flesh for 
food. A h.rge number of Pemberton’s men were forced 
to the hospital, hopes for defending the city were lost; 
and on the 3rd of July 1863 Pemberton was compelled to 
surrender the city. 

Clark was elected Governer in the fall of 1863. 

CLARK’S Administration. 

Clark was inaugurated in 1864. 

Sherman made his famous raid, it carried destruction 
in its path, private homes were burned, fences destroyed, 

mules and horses carried off, 

Sherman did much harm in Meredian and all along Ins 

line of m uvh across the State of Mississippi. 

Clark issued a proclamation in 1865, it stated that all 
Confederates armies East of the Mississ ppi had surren¬ 
dered, with all government, quartermaster’s and com¬ 
missary stores, and the State officers should at once re¬ 
turn to Jackson, but in a short while after this procla¬ 
mation, the Federal troops took posession of Jackson, and 
arrested Governor Clark. 

The President appointed as provisional Governor W. L, 
Sharkey in 1865, Sharkey advised the people to organ¬ 
ize a State government; I 13 called a Convention to be 



54t 


History/ of l^iss issippi- _ 

composed of delegates loyal to the U S, said Convention 
was held in August, An amendment to abolish slavery 
was adopted, the regulation of the military system was 
repealed. 

A provision for the election of Governor as usual was 
made Oct. 1865, Humphreys was elected. 

HUMPHREYS’ Administration. 

Humphreys was inaugurated Oct. 1865. 

Congress and President held views differently in re¬ 
gards to the condition of the Southern States. Congress 
claimed Mississippi and other Southern States to be ter¬ 
ritories conquered by the United States or the Federal 
army. Johnson claimed Mississippi to be as much a State 
as on the day of its admission, 

Officers of the Freedman’s Bureau came to Mississippi 
in 1865: said officers and the whites of Mississippi dis¬ 
agreed, race prejudice ran high in 1865 and continued 
for a few years. 

The State University which had been closed during the 
Civil war opened during this administration. 

In 1866 the Governor called a special session of the Leg¬ 
islature. the 14th amendment was presented to the Leg- 
islatute during this session, for action. 

Two commissioners were appointed in 1866 to visit the 
President, and urge the release of Jefferson Davis. Davis 
was not released until 1867. 

Lee county was organized in 1866. 

Humphreys began his second term of office in 1867, The 
Reconstruction Act was passed during same year 

Colored men cast their first votes in 1867 in the State of 
Mississippi, for electing delegates to a Convention, so 
ordered by General Ord. 

Said Convention was held in 1868, and called the 
‘•Black and Tan Convention,” it lasted about four months, 
cost the State not less than a quarter of a million dollars. 




rEEistor^ of Zfcv£ississippi. 


55 


The Convention was principally composed of Colored 
men and the so said Carpet baggers. 

Military officers forced Governor Humphreys to give 
Governor’s office in 1868. Ames became military Gov¬ 
ernor imediately after Humphreys removal. 

AMES’ Administration, as Military Governor. 

Ames became military Governor in June 1868. 

The 14th and 15th amendment of theU. S. Constitution 
was approved in a Convention in 1870, 

The office of Leiutenant Governor was re-estabiished in 
1870. 

The office of Superintendent of Public Education was 
established in 1870. 

Mississippi was recognized as a State in 1870. Senators 
and Representatives were allowed seats in Congress. 

More than nine years passed before State was repre¬ 
sented in the National Congress. 

Alcorn was elected in 1870. 

ALCORN’S Administration. 

Alcorn was inagurated Governor in 1870, on March 
the 10th. 

There were six counties organized in 1870, viz: Alcorn, 
Benton, Grenada, Lincoln, Prentiss and Union. 

The State Normal School for Colored was established 
at Holly Springs Miss., in 1870. 

Alcorn University was established in 1871, bought from 
the Presbyterian Synod. 

There were three counties organized in 1871, viz: Clay, 
Leflore and Montgomery 

Tate county was organized in 1873. 

Alcorn resigned as Governor on 30th of November 1870. 

Powers became Governor, served until 1874. 

The census of 1870 showed population to be 827,922. 



56 


JEiEistor;^ of ^Mississippi. 


AMES’ Administration. 

Ames was inaugurated in 1874. 

Webster county was organized in 1874. 

The Missisippi mills at Wesson, in 1874, were in a pros¬ 
perous condition, taxes run to fourteen mills on the dol¬ 
lar in 1874, and many counties, a tax of one hundred per¬ 
cent was added, besides other taxes of the county. “Car¬ 
pet baggers’’ were in full control in two thirds of coun¬ 
ties. 

Taxpayers Convention met in 1875. Able brained men 
took a part in this Convention. 

Lieutenant Governor Davis (Colored) was impeached in 
1876, 

Charges of impeachment was brought against T. W. 
Cordoza; but he was permitted to resign. 

Twenty-one articles of impeachment were prefered 
against Ames, he proposed to resign the office of Gov¬ 
ernor if the articles of impeachment were dismissed: he 
was permitted to resign. 

STONE’S Administration. 

Stone was inaugurated in 1876. 

Taxes which had been so high began to radpidly de- 
cend. 

Mississippi was well represented at the IT. S. Centen- 
ial Exposition held at Philadelphia in 1876, 

L Q. C, Lamar grew to political greatness in 18.76. 

The yellow fever did its work of much damage in the 
State in 1878: visited Holly Springs, left its sign of de¬ 
struction. 

The Agricultural arid Mechanical College was estab¬ 
lished and located at Starksville Miss., in 1878. 

Lowry was elected Governor in 1881. 

LOWRY’S Administration. 

Lowry was inaugurated in 1882, 



Xaiistor 3 r of-IfcvdCississippi. 


57 


An over-flow in the Mississippi Valley occnred in 1882, 
many people were rendered homeless and hungry. The 
State appropiated $15,000.00 to help those who suffered 
from t h e effects of the over-flow in t h e Mississippi 
bottoms* 

The Industrial and Female Institute was established 
at Columbus Miss., in 1883. 

Jefferson Davis visited the State Capitol in 1884. 

A Democratic State Convention was held in 1885. 

Stone was re-elected in 1885, 

The State was in a peaceful condition during this ad¬ 
ministration 

The World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Expo¬ 
sition was held at New Orleans in 1884-85. Mississippi 
was well represented. 





253 


XiCistorsr of IMTississippi. 


Dates and Names of Establishments of Some 
of the Best Colleges in the State. 


Jefferson College, established in 1802. 

Clinton „ „ 1826. 

Oakland „ „ „ 1830. 

Deaf and Dumb Institute established in 1854. 


Whitworth College „ 

Institution for Blind „ 

Alcorn College founded 

Mississippi State Normal „ 

A. M. and C, „ „ 

1.1. and C. „ „ 

The State University of Miss,, established in 
The Lunatic Asylum, „ ,, 


1858, 

1848. 

1871. 

1870. 

1878. 

1883. 


1844. 

1852, 


Mississippians Who Were Members of the 
President’s Cabinet. 

Robert J. Walker Secretary of Treasury in 1845. 
Jefferson Davis ,, „ War „ 1853. 

Jacob Thompson „ „ Interior „ 1857. 

L Q, C. Lamar „ „ Interior „ 1885. 

Judge Sharkey was offered t h e office of Secretary of 
War but declined to accept the offer, by President Fil- 
more. 






^^istor^r ©£ l^vUis^issippi, 


5 © 


Some of The Mississippians Who Were 
Generals in The Civil War. 

Brigadicr-General§~R. Griffith, Posey, Wm. Barks* 
dale, W, II. Tucker, S. W. Furguson, W. S, Featherston, 
Wirt Adams, James Smith, N. H Harris, J. R. Davis, 
Wm, L, Brandon and B. G. Humphreys, 

Genei al Charles Clark. Lieut-Gen , Stephen D, Lee. 
the youngest Lieut-General of the Civil War. 

Major Generals E. C. Walthal and W. T. Martin. 

Mississippi Territory furnished in the War of 1812, 
from 2500 to 3000 men. 

Mississippi furnished in Mexican War about 2200 men. 

Mississippi furnished in Civil War about seventy to 
eighty thousand men; and in the War of 1898 about three 
regiments. 


REGIONS OF MISSISSIPPI, 

1 st, North-east Prairie region lying along extreme 
North-east corner. 

2nd, Pontotoc region lies next to N. E. Pairie re¬ 
gion 

3rd. Flat woods region lies along the Western bound¬ 
ary of Pontotoc ridge and S, W. of N. E. Prairie regions 
to E, boundary line of State. 

4th Yellow Loam region comes in N, central part of 
State, extending "outh-east-ward to boundary line. 

5th' Central Prairie region South of Yellow Loam 
region extends East to State boundary line. 

6th. Long leaved pine region contains nearly all 
Southern part of State, 

7th. The coast region is a small region in South E. 
part of State, S. of Long leaf pine region. 

8f.fi Cane Hill region lies in S. W. part of State, but a 
small strip lying along the Mississippi River. 




©o 


XHstor3T of l^ississippi. 


9th, Mississippi Yazoo Delta runs from the mouth of 
Yazoo River to N, W. corner of the State. Mississippi 
river on the West. 


GOVERNORS OF MISSISSIPPI TERRITORY. 


Winthrop Sargent 

from 

1798 to 

1801. 

W, C. C. Claiborne 


1801 „ 

1805. 

Robert Williams 

•9 

1805 „ 

1809. 

David Holmes 

99 

1809 „ 

1817. 

GOVERNORS OF STATE. 


became 


Governor in 1817, 
„ „ 1820. 
.. 1822, 


David Holmes 
George Poindexter 
Walter Leake (died) „ 

Acting Governor Gerared Brandon. 

David Holmes became Governor second time in 1826. 
Holmes resigned, Brandon again acting Governor, 
Gerared C. Brandon became Governor in 1828. 
Abram Scott (died) „ „ 

Acting Governor, Fountain Winston. 

Hiram Runels became Governor in 
Charles Lynch „ ,, 

Alexander G. McNutt „ 

Tilyhman M. Tucker „ M 

Albert G. Brown „ M 

Joseph W. Mathews „ M 

John A. Quitman (resigned) „ 

Acting Governors, J. I. Guion and R. Whitfield, 
Henry Stuart Foote became Governor in 
John J. McRae 
William McWillie „ 

John J. Pettus „ 

Charles Clark ,, 

William L. Sharkey (provisional) 

Benjamin Humphreys became 
Adelbert Ames (Military Governor) 


1832 

1834, 

1836. 

1838. 

1842, 

1844. 

1848. 

1850. 


1852. 

1854. 

1858. 

1860. 

1864. 

1865. 
1865. 
1868. 






History of IMCississippi. 


ex 


Governors of State. ==Continued.== 


James L. Alcorn 
R. C. Powers 
Adelbert Ames 
John M. Stone 
Robert Lowry 
John M. Stone 


became Governor in 1870. 
» „ „ 1871. 

„ „ „ 1874. 

„ „ 1876. 

„ » 1882. 

„ „ 1890. 


Principal Battles on Mississippi Soil Dur= 
mg The Civil War. 

The battle of Iuka occured Sept, 19th, 1862, between 
Price and Rosecrans. Union success. 

The battle of Corinth occured Oct., 3rd. 4th, 1862, be¬ 
tween Price and V. Dorn (Conf. Generals), against Rose¬ 
crans (Union). Union success. 

Vicksburg battle*occured in 1863, between Pemberton 
and Grant. Union success. 


CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS OF MISSISSIPPI. 
1817. 

1. Property qualification for offices. 

2. Ministers debared from holding offices, 

3. All Judges elected by the legislature 


Coisststeliona! Comeidion of 1832. 

1. Property qualification for office removed. 

2. Ministers no longer debared from office. 

3. Higher, Circuit and Probate courts established. 

4. All Judges and District Attorneys elected by the 
people, 







©2 


iEaEistorsr of J^is^issippi. 


5. Office of Lieutenant Governor abolished. 

6 Introduction of slaves, as merchandise prohibited. 

Secession Convention of 1861. 

1. Adopted ordinance of secession, 

2. Adopted measures for carying on the War. 

Convention concluded 1865. 

1. All ordinance of 1861 repealed. 

2. Constitution amended so as to abolish slavery. 

Convention ’‘Black and Tail” of 1868. 

(In session four months, spent }/± million dollars, the 
constitution was rejected; but was finally adopted in 
1869). 

1 . Office of Lieutenant Governor re-established, 

2. Office of Superintendant of Free Education estab¬ 
lished. 

3 High Courts of Errors and Appeals, changed its 
name to Supreme Court. 

4. All Judges to be appointed. 

5 Probate business put into Chancery Court, 

6 . Board of Supervisors created. 

7. System of Public Schools established. 

8 . Terms of State office extended to 4 years, 

Convention of 1800. 

1 . Terms of all County and State offices fixed at four 
years. 

2. Certain officers made ineligible, as their own suc¬ 
cessors. 

3. tTime for the meetings of the Legislature regulated, 

4. Education and Tax qualification for suffrage. 

5. Australian Ballot system adopted. 

State Superintendants of education, 

H. R Pease 1869, T. W. Cordoza 1876, Thomas Gath- 
right 1876, J. A. Smith 1877, J. R, Preston 1885, A. A. 
Kincannon 1898 and H. T. Whitfield 1898. 



History of IL/Tississippi. 


©3 


Principal Codes of State. 


1799 Sargent—Code. 

1823 Revised —Code, Poindexter. 

1848 Hutchinson—Code. 

1857 Sharkey, Harrison and Ellette—Code. 

1871 Revised—Code. 

1880 Cambell—Code. 

1892 Annotated, Thompson, Cambell and Dillard-Code. 










* 










/ 




























Spelli:n.gr. 


©5 


BOOK 


SPEPIiIim 

Orthography treats of the nature and properties of 
letters and the correct spelling and writing words, and 
consist of or embraces pronounciation and spelling 

Good pronunciation consists of Articulation, Sylla¬ 
bication and Accent. 

Articulation is the distinct utterance of the oral 
elements in syllables and words, it imbraces the oral ele¬ 
ments and letters. 

Oral Elements are the sounds which form syllables 
and words. 

The Oral Elements embraces the TONICS, SUBTON- 
ics and Atonics. 

The Tonies are pure tones, produced by the voice, 
with but slight use of the oigau of speech. 

$ufi»tonics are the tones made by the voice and modi¬ 
fied by the organ of speech: b, d, g, j, 1, m, n, etcs 

Atonics are breathings modified by the organs of 
speech: f, h, k, p, s, t, th, cts. 

The Vowels are the letters which represent the ton- 




e© 


Spelling-. 

ics: a, e, i, o, u and sometimes w, and y. 

A Diphthong: is the union of two rowels in one 
syllable. 

A proper Diphthong is the union of two vowels in a 
syllable, and neither silent. 

Improper Diphthong is the union of two vowels 
in one syllable, and one of which is silent. 

Ti iphthong is a union of three vowels in one syl¬ 
lable as, b e a u-ty 

Consonants are those letters which represent the 
Subtonics and Atonics. 

Alphabetic equivalents are letters which repre¬ 
sent the same elements, as, oo = -a- 

Labials are letters whose oral elements are cheifly 
formed by the lips, b, p, w, etc. 

Dentals are the oral elements whose sounds are 
formed by the teeth, as, j, s, q and sh. 

Lingual* are letters whose oral elements chiefly 
formed by the tongue, as d, 1, n, and t. 

Palatals are letters whose oral elements are chiefly 
formed by the palate, they are g, k, ng. 

Cognates are letters whose oral elements are pro¬ 
duced by the same organ in a similar manner, thus, f 
cognate of v, and k of g etc. 

A Syllable is a word or part of a word spoken by one 
impulse of the voice. 

A Monosyllable is a word of one syllable. 

Dissyllabic is a word of two syllables, 

A Trisyllable is a word of three syllables 

A Polysyllable is a wore of four syllables, 

ACCENTS. 

Accent is the peculiar force given to one or more 
syllables when speaking a word. 

Accents are two kinds, Primary and Secondary. 




Spell im.gr 


©7 


WORDS. 

A Word is one or more oral elements or letters to 
represent ideas. 

Words are divided into Primatiyes, Derivative, 
Simple and Compound, 

A Primative word is not derived, but other words are 
formed from it, 

A Derivative word is a word derived from another 
word, or from a primative word, as, unkindly. 

A Simple word is a word which cannot be divided, 

A Compound word is one formed by two or more 
primative words. 

To Aiialize a word is to divide it into parts of which 
it is formed including, oral elements, letters, syllables, 
and accents. 

ETYMOLOGY. 

Atj inology treats of the origin of a word, traces out 
their earliest signification and shows their changes of 
form and meanings. 

The Hoot is the original part of the word. 

A Prefix is a word or part of word, placed before an¬ 
other to form withit it a new word. 

A SufSix is a syllable placed after the root of a word. 

A LIST OF PREFIXES WITH SIGNIFICATION. 

Ab signifies from, as, absolve 

Ad, ae, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, at, signify, to. 

Anti, and ant signify, against. 

Ante, signifies before. 

Be, signifies near as beside 

Bi, signifies two, as, bifold twofold. 

Circum, signifies around, as, circumscribe. 

Con, com, co, col, cor, signify, with. 

Contra, counter, signify, opposite. 

lYe, signifies from. 

Di, dis, signifies two. Dis, also signifies not as dissim- 



S3 


Spellings. 


ilar not similar. 

E, ex, ec, ef, signify, out. 

Em, or en signifies in, as, embroil, to put in a broil, 
enclose, to close in. 

In, im, ir, ig, il, ir, signify, not incomplete, not com¬ 
plete, etc. 

Re, signifies again. 

Rect, recti, signify right or straight. 

Semi, demi, hemi, signifies, half. 

Sub, sue, sup, sug, subter, signifies under 
Super, sur, signify over. 

Trans, signifies across. 

Uu, signifies not. 


SUFFIXES 

Ize, tize, qe, ise se, ish. fy, en, e, ate, iate, uate, cate, 
ite. signify: to make to give, to put upon or into. 

Ing, ant, ent. ient, signify: containing to. 

Ed, signifies, did. 

Ant, ent, ate, ite. ast, ado, ard, on, oso, ar, ary, iary, er, 
ee, eer, ier, or. ive, ster, ner, yer, len, isou, ion, lion, sig¬ 
nify: one, who, a person, as servant etc 

Ess, ix, ine, ago, signify a female, 

Ity, ety, ty, cy, ce, ice, ude, tude, ness, signify the 
quality or state of being the thing which or that which. 

Ion, ment, ament, iment ure, ture ature, iture, al, ade 
signify the act of, that which. 

Al, eal, ial, ual, ern, urn, iac, ic, tic, atic, etic, id, an, 
ean, ian, aue, ine, ile, eth. th, ar, ary, iary, nary, signinfy 
partaining, belonging or relating to, as central, cet. 

Ose, ous, eons, ions, nous, ceous, aneous, oneous. itious, 
ful, ey, y, signify full of, abounding in, having the na¬ 
ture of or quality 

Kin, ling, ule, cule,cle, icle, oek, el, let, aster, signify 
small or minute, 

Dorn, ric, age, cy. ry, signify the slate or rank, 





Spellin.gr 


RULES FOR SPELLING. 

1. The final e of a radical word is rejected when the 
suffix commences with a vowel, except words ending in 
ce or ge. 

2. The final e of a radical word is generally retained 
when the suffix commences with a consonant, as move¬ 
ment. Silent e is not retained. 

3. Monosyllables and words accented on the last sylla¬ 
ble, when they end with a single consoannt, preceded 
by a single vowel double their final consonants before a 
suffix that begins with a vowel, as, spotted. 

4. The final consonant, when not preceded by a single 
vowel or when the word is not accented on the last syl¬ 
lable, remains single upon the addition of a suffix, as, 
visit-ing. 

5. The final y when preceded by a consonant, is gen¬ 
erally changed into i upon the addition of a suffix, as, 
happiness, y is changed to e in few instances before ous. 

6. The final i of a radical word is omitted when the suf¬ 
fix begins witn i as, alkali, and alkalize. 

7. The final y of a radical word, when preceded by a 
vowel or when suffix begins with i, remains unchanged 
as, hungry, glorying 

8. Words ending f. in fe, generally change f into v 
when suffix is added begining with a vowel, as, calf, 
cal res. 

9. Words ending in le, preceded by a consonant drop 
these letters upon receiving the suffix lv as, ably, idly. 

10. Words, ending in lie before the suffixes ity, and 
ities, take i between the letters b and 1 as, ability, 
bilities, 

11. Words ending in er or o before as suffix commenc¬ 
ing with a vowel, as wonder wondrous, 

12. Monosyllables ending in f, 1 or s preceeded by a 
single vowel double the final consonant, as, spell, mill, 
except, if, of, as, gas, has, was, yes, is, his, thus, us 





70 


Spelling. 

13. Words ending in any other consonant than f, 1, or 
s, do not double the final letter except, add, odd, ebb, 
egg, inn, err, bunn, purr, butt, buzz and fuzz. 

14. The plural of letters and figures are formed by the 
’s as, the a’s and the 2’s. 

15. The letters k, q, w, and x, are never doubled 

16. q is always followed by u, as, quanity, question. 



























% 








» 


% 














\ 






\ 







2R,esLcii:n.gT. 


73 


BOOK TlxircL. 


I^KHDINS. 

Heading is the art of ones mind following another’s 
useing symbols as a guide. 

Reading is the key to all other work in the preparation 
for true living 

Reading is a means to an end, and if the means or 
training be faulty the end is imperfect. 

Good Reading depends on the proper use of FORCE, 

STRESS, TIME, PITCH, INFLECTIONS, QUALITY, and 
EMPHASIS 

Force of voice is the degree of loudness or softness, 
used in vocal utterance, 

There are three principal degrees of force, viz: 

1. medium is used in common conversation, plain 
narati^e and description, unimpassioned speech, 

2. Soft is used to express secrecy, caution, doubt, pity, 
love, grief, awr, tenderness, humility, shame, repose, 
fatigue, and prostration. 

3. Fond is used to express certainty, anger, rage, 
hate, ferocity, mirth, and triumph. 

Stress is the manner of applying emphatic force in 
the utterance of a syllable, 




* 7 ^ 


ZE^estd-iri-g-. 


There are three varieties of stress, viz: 

1, Initial is the manner of applying force at the be- 
gining of a vowel. 

2. Medium is an increase of force towards the mid¬ 
dle of a vowel, (3). final, with the force applied at the 
close of a vowel. 


TIME. 

Time is the degree of rapidity in the rates of utter¬ 
ances. There are three principal rates of utterance, viz: 
1. Medium. 2. Slow, 3 Rapid, 

1 The Medium rate is used in the utterance of un- 
impassioned speech 

2, The Slow rate is used in the utterance of such 
sentiments, as, solemnity and dignity. 

3. Rapid is used to express cheerfulness, mirth and 
gayety, anger, hate, and ferocity 

PAUSES. 

A Pause is a suspension of the voice in reading or 
speaking in order to make the meaning more impressive. 

Phrasing is the division of a sentence by pauses in¬ 
to its proper parts in reading. 

Pauses are of two kinds: grammatical and elocu¬ 
tionary. 

Orainmalical pauses are used or introduced for 
the sake of emphasis, are indicated by the punctuation 
marks. 

An Elocutionary pause is a suspension of the 
voice for the purpose of rendering words or phrases more 
impressive or emphatic. 

Elocutionary pauses are governed by five principal 
rules. 

1. Pause after a subject, which consists of a phrase 
or clause enlarged by modifiers, (Ex) To be great is to 
be good, 




ZE^esuca.iiig\ 




2, Pause before an object which consists of a clause 
which is enlarged by modifiers. (Ex). Tell the men, that 
they are strong. 

3. Pause after an element placed, for the sake of em¬ 
phasis out of its grammatical order. (Ex). Into the river 
the horses ran. 

4 Pause after words or phrases, contrasted in mean¬ 
ing, (Ex). It is better to give than to receive, 

5. pause where there are one or more words omitted. 
(Ex), That land thy country and that spot thy home. 

Length of Elocutionary pause depends on the feel¬ 
ing expressed in a passage. 

PITCH. 

Pitch is the degree of elevation or depression of the 
voice. 

There are three grades of pitch, viz: Medium, Low and 
Hioh. 

The Key Note of the voice is its natural pitch. 

The Compass of the voice is the range from the low¬ 
est to the highest note. 

Modulation is the change of the voice from note to 
note. 

INFLECTIONS. 

Inflections are slides of the voice at the close of 
syllables or words. 

The Rising Inflection of the voice is the upward 
slide of the voice. 

The Falling Inflection i§ the downward slide of the 
voice. 

Monotone is the sameness of tone produced in read* 
ing a peice. 

QUALITY. 

Quality of voice is the kind of tones produced by the 
vocal organs. 




rre 


X^ea,d.irLgr. 


There are two cheif tones:— 

1. Pure tones is the tone when all the breath used 
is vocalized. 

2. Aspirated tones are the tones produced when 
only a part of the voice is vocalized. 

There are four faults in the quality of voice, viz: The 
Guttural, the Nasal, the Oral and Pectoral. 

EMPHASIS. 

Emphasis is the mode of drawing attention to one or 
more words in a sentence 

Modes of Emphasis— A word may be rendered em¬ 
phatic by the use of extra force, by change of inflection, 
by pauses- 

Emphasis hy Force— words may be emphasized by 
uttering it in a louder tone, by applying extra force. 

Emphasis hy Inflecti on —A word may be em¬ 
phasized by the use of suitable inflection. 

Emphasis by Time— A word may by rendered em¬ 
phatic by uttering it more slowly, or faster. 

For Figures of Speech and Feet in Poetry, 
notice deffiniti ms in latter part of grammar definitions. 





-A-rit3a.in.etic. 


r 7 r 7’ 


BOOK Se-veaa.t3a.. 


RULES IN PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC. 


Longitude and Time. 

1. To find the difference of time between two places, 
when their longitudes are given. 

RULE.—Multiply the difference of longitude in degrees 
and minutes by 4, and the product will be hetimein minutes 
and see >nds, then reduce to hours, etc. 

“If one place be in the East and the other in the West, 
difference is found by adding longitude; if both places 
are in the East or West, difference is found by subtrac¬ 
tion.” 

2. To find the difference of longitude between two 
places, when the difference of time is known. 

RULE—Reduce the difference of time to minutes and di- 
vide'by 4; 'lie quotient will be the difference in longitude, in 
minutes and c econds. 







78 


-A_ritl3.zn.etic. 


CAPACITY OF BINS and CISTERNS. 

3 To find the exact capacity of a bin in bushels. 

RULE—Divide the exact number of cubic inches in a bin 
by 2150,4, the quotient will be ihe number of bushels the bin 
will contain. 

To find capacity of a cistern or vessel. 

RULE—Divide the number of cu. in. in cistern or vessel 
by 231, will give number of gallons vessel will hold, (multi¬ 
ply area of the base of any vessel by altitude, will give con¬ 
tents of same vessel. 

COMMISSION and BROKERAGE. 

4. To find selling Commission when quantity and price 
of goods or articles sold and rate per cent commission is 
given 

RULE - Multiply value of gi ods by rate of commission, 
will give commission. 

5. To find the buying commission when rate and 
amount to be invested is giving. 

RULE — Divide amount to be invested by 1 plus the rate 
per cent and subtract quotient from amount to be invested, 
will give commission, 

PERCENT ON and OFF PROBLEMS. 

6. OK Problem. 

1 SOLUTION, 

50 per cent on is what per cent off? 

50 per cent on, equals 150 per cent or JL now 


K must be off of JL to leave A and 
2 2 

34 is such a part of — as 34 — 3 

2 2 


34 x % — 34 and 34 off 33?4 per cent off 
Therefore. 



-A-ritli.na.etic. 


T'© 


7. OFF Problem, 

(1) 20 per cent off, is what per cent off? now* 

100 — 20 = 80 per cent or A then 

5 

J must go on and - 4 is such a part 
5 5 

of A. as -i- is contained into A 
5 5 5 

K — 4 = JL x A = ^ 

5*5 5 4 

or 25 per cent on. Therefore, 


TRUE and BANK DISCOUNT. 

8. To find the true discount when the rate per cent, 
time and face of note are given. 

RULE—Divide the face of note by the amount of $1.00 for 
the given time at the given rate, will give the proceeds of face, 
subtract the proceeds from the face of note, will give the true 
discount 

9. To find the Bank Discount. 

RULE—Compute the interest on the face of note for three 
days more than specified time, when time, rate and fa-’e are 
given. 

Given the rate of bank discount to find the correspond¬ 
ing rate of interest 

RULE—Find the discount and proceeds of $1.00 for time 
the note has to run, Divide the discount by the interest of the 
proceeds at r per cent for the given time 

When the rate of interest is given to find the corre¬ 
sponding rate of discount. 

RULE—Find the interest aud amount of $1.00 f' r the time 
divide the interest by the interest on the amount at 1 per 
cent for the same time. 




so 


noetic 


SQUARE ROOT. 

RULE—The square of the hypothenuse minus the square 
of either short side, epual to square of the other short side, 
either base or perpendicular, (the oue not given). 

When the base and perpendicular are given to find the 
hpyothenuse, the sum of the squares of the two sides is 
equal to the square of the hypothenuse. 

RULE—The areas of circles are to each other, as the square 
of their like dimentions. 


A RULE FOR CUBE ROOT. 

Point the number off in periods of three figures each, find 
the greatest cube of first period; then to find the trial divisor 
square all the figures of the root and multiply by 300, will give 
a trial divisor, try the trial divisor, multiply all the other fig¬ 
ures of the root by the trial root figure, and square trial root 
figure and multiply by 30 the trial divisor, add the last re¬ 
sults, will have a complete divisor. 

MENSURATION RULES. 

To find area of a rightangle triangle, multiply % of 
base by the altitude. 

To find the area having unequal sides and all being given. 

From % sum of three sides, subtract each side separately, 
then multiply this ^ snm and three remainders, extract the 
square root, will give area. 

To find the area of a rectangular, multiply length bv 
the bredth. 

To find dimentions of a rectangular, when area and 
proportional numbers of length and width are given, 

RULE—The product of proportion*.! parts is to the area, as 
the square of one of proportional numbers is to the square it 
represents, 

(Ex) Find the length and bredth of a rectangular that 
Mas an area of 2016 sq y Is, and the width is t» i ni ri;h as 
7 to 8. 







31 


SOLUTION. 

7 x 8 = 56 and 

56 : 2016 :: 7 2 : (x) 2 = 42 width. 

56 : 2016 : :8 2 : (x) 2 = 48 length, 

CIRCLES, 

Circumference divided by 8,1416, equals the diame¬ 
ter of any circle. 

THEREFORE, 

D. x 3.1416 = Circumference. 

To find area of any circle, multiply the square of the 
diameter by .7854. 

To find area of rina or plot, formed by two concentric 
circles i. e„ a small circle within a large circle, mulitply 
the sum of the two diameters, by their difference, multi¬ 
ply this product by .7854 = area of plot. 

To find the diameter of a circle that circumscribes a 
square. 

RULE—Multiply the square of one side of the square, and 
extract square root of result, will give the diameter of the cir¬ 
cle that circumscribe the square. 

To find the side of a square that encloses a circle, when 
area of circle is given, divide the area by .7854, will give 
the diameter, extract the square root of result, — diame¬ 
ter of circle or one of the sides of square to enclose a 
circle. 

The diameter of any circle, is equal to the side of the 
square which encloses the circle. 

The diagonal part of any square, equals the diameter 
of the circle that circumscribes the square, 

The angles formed by their equilateral triangle, 
drawn from or connected at center of three tangent cir¬ 
cles equals one sixth of the circle. 

The angles formed by a square which connects four 
tangent circles are equal to a right angle or % of a cir¬ 
cle, 




-A.rItih.zM.etie. 


82 


SOLIDS. 

Tta find the solid contents of pan ellelopipedon. 

RULE—Multiply the dimentions together. 

To find the cover surface of a prism or cylinder, 

RULE—Multiply the perimeter of the base by the altitude. 

To find the volume of a prism or cylinder. 

RULE - Multiply the area of the base by the altitude, 

To find the convex surface of a pyramid or cone. 

RULE—Muttiply the perimeter or circumference of the 
base by one half of s'ant hight. 

To find the solid contents of a pyramid or a cone. 

RULE—Multiply the area of the base by 34 of the altitude, 

To find the convex surface of a frustum of a pyramid’or 
cone 

RULE—Multiply the sum of the perimeters or circumfer¬ 
ences by 34 the slant hight, 

To find the volume of a frustum of a pyramid or cone. 

Example—F ind the volume of a frustum of a square 
pyramid, whose altitude is 10 feet, each side of the lower 
base 12 feet, and of upper base, 9 feet. 
solution. 

12 2 x 9 2 = 225 and (225x v 144 x 81) x 10 -f- 3 — 
1000 cu. ft. 

RULE—To the sum of the areas of the two bases, add the 
square root of the product and multiply this sum by one third 
of the altitude. 

To find the convex surface of a globe. 

RULE—Multiply the diameter by the circumference. 

To find the volume of a sphere. 

RULE—Multiply surface by one sixth of diameter. 

To find the dimentions of a rectangular solid, the 
volume and ratio of the dimentions bring given, 

RULE—The product of the proportional parts : the volume 

; : one proportional part, cubed : (x)^ 






S3 


Ill— or SOLUTION. 

The volume of a rectagular solid is 4068cu. ft., find the 
dimentions, bredth, hight, length are to each as 3 td 4 to 
6 , 

SOLUTION, 

3x4x6 = 72. 

72 : 4068 : : 33 : (x)3 = 12 feet, bredth, 

72 : 4068 : : 43 : (x)3 = 16 feet, depth. 

72 : 4068 : : 63 : (x)3 = 24 feet, length. 
Similar solids are to each other as the cubes of their 
like dimentions. 












\ 










f 











3? 3n.3 r s3.©logT3 r * 


©5 


BOOK EigOa-tb.. 


PHYSIOLOGY. 


The Skeleton, is composed of over 200 bones. 

The bones have three principal uses: (1) To protect 
the delicate organs, (2) To serve as leavers, on which the 
muscles may produce motion, (3) To preserve the shape 
of the body. 

Composition of bones. The bones are composed 
of two kinds of matter, viz: Animal and mineral, one 
part of former, to two parts of latter. 

Structure of the bones. When a bone is sawed 
lengthwise, it is found to be filled with a spungy sub¬ 
stance, the filling increases in quantity and becomes 
more porous at the ends of the bones. 

The bones in the body are not dead dry and blanched 
as they seem to be. They are covered with a tough 
membrane called periosteum The bone contains the 
“’Haversian canals,” which serve as passages for the 
blood vessels that nourish the bones. 




s© 


IPlxy siolog^r. 


Growth of bones. By means of the system of the 
Haversian canal, the blood circulates through the bones 
and fuinishes them with all materials essential to,their 
growth. 

The Synovial, is the covering of the ends of the bones, 

THE DIVISION OF THE BONES. 

There are three divisions of bones, viz: The Head. 
Trunk and Limbs. 

The head contains 28 bones, viz: Face Bones. Two 
Superior Maxillary (upper jaw bones), one Inferior Max¬ 
illary Bone, Two Malar Bones, Two Lachrymal, Two Tur¬ 
binated Bones, Two Nasal Bones, Vomer (bone between 
nostria) and Two Palate Bones. 

Bones of Ear are six, viz: Hammer, Anvil and Stir¬ 
rup. 

Bones of the Crania in are 8 in number, viz: Frontal 
Bones, Two Parietal Bones, Two Temporal Bones, One 
Sphenoid. One Ethmoid and One Occipital Bone. 

The Trunk consist of 54 bones. 

L Spinal Column, Seven Cervical Vertebrae, Twelve 
Dorsal Verterbrae and Five Lumbar Verterbrae. 

2. Ribs There are 24 ribs There are (5) five pair of 
False Ribs, the remaining are True Ribs. 

3. Sternum, consist of one bone, the Breast Bone. 

4. Oshoyd Bone, at the root of the tongue. 

5. Pelvis contains four bones, viz: Two Innominata, 
Sacrum and Coccyx, 

The Chubs consists of 124 bones. 

The upper limbs contains 04 bones, viz: Shoulder, 
Bones, Clavical or Ceiar Bones and Scapular. 

Ann Bones. Hummerus, Lina and Radius. 

SSaml, Eight, w T rist or Carpal Bones, five Metacarpal 
and 14 Phalanges. 

2. The lower limbs consists of 60 bones. 

LcgBones, Femur, Patella Tibia and Fibula 



SPikLsrsi olog"3T. 


S'T’ 


Foot. Seven Tarsal Bones, Five Metatarsal 
and 14 Phalanges. 

There are two kind or joints, viz: Hinge Joint, (the 
elbow joint is a hinge joint) The Ball and Socket Joint, 
like the hip joint. 

THE MUSCLES. 

The Skeleton is the frame work of the body, the 
muscles are the coverings. 

The muscles are arranged in many pairs. The pecu¬ 
liar property of the muscles are their power of contrac¬ 
tion. 

Kinds of Muscles. There are two kinds of muscles, 
viz: Voluntary, wnich are under the control of our will, 
and the Involuntary, which are not. 

Structure of Tiie Muscles. The muscles are com¬ 
pose!! of small fibrils, and each fibril is composed of a 
row of small cells arranged like a string of beads. 

The Tendons are the slender, flexible but elastic 
cords, which join the ends of the muscles to the bones. 

THE CIRCULATION. 

The organs of Circulation are the Heart, Arteries, 
Capillaries and Veins. 

The Blood is the liquid which effects circulation* 
The average quanity in a person is about 18 pounds. 

Tlie Use of The Blood The blood contains the 
materials for makeing up every organ of the human 
body; by means of circulation, 

Said materials are carried where nature calls for 
them 

Coagulation, When blood is exposed to the air, it 
coagulates. The fibrin solidifies entangles the disks and 
forms the clot Coagulation proves favorable to a bleed¬ 
ing wound. 

••The Heart is the organ which propels the blood. The 
heart has two movements, viz: Contraction and Expan- 




ss 


3?Da.3rsiologr3r. 


sion or the Diastole, which lets the blood flow into the 
heart, while the Systole or expansion expells the blood. 

The Heart has four divisions, viz: The right and left 
Auricles, and the right and left Ventricals; each holds 
about a wine glassful. 

The Valve of the heart, which is at the opening 
in the right auricle into the right ventricle is called 
the Tricuspid Valve, it contain three flaps; and the open- 
ingin the left auricle into the left ventricle is called the 
Bicuspid Valve. This valve contains two flaps. 

These flaps are strengthened like sails by slender cords, 
which allows them to close the opening, but prevents 
their being pressed back through the opening. 
SEMILUNA VALVE. 

The Valves which lead out from the ventricles are 
called semi Inna valves, shaped like a half moon. 

The Arteries are canals which convey the blood from 
the heart They carry the bright red blood. 

The Arterial System starts from the left ventricle 
b} a single trunk, this trunk gives off many branches, 
which spread over the various parts of the body. 

The Veins are canals which convey the blood to the 
heart. The veins also contain valves to prevent the blood 
from going the wrong wav, they are alsosemiluna valves. 

The Capillaries form a fine net work of tubes con- 
m oting the ends of arteries with the veins, 

The Circulation consist of two parts, viz: Lesser 
ai:d Greater, 

The Cesser Circulation. The dark blood from 
the veins collects in the right auricle, then it passes 
through the tricuspid valves into the right ventricle, 
thence it is driven pass the semiluna valves through the 
pulmonary artery to the lungs, there it is purified and 
returned bright and red, passes through the pulmonary 
vein to the left, auricle. Then comes the Greater 





S3 


Circulation From the left auricle the blood is 
forced past the bicuspid valves to the left ventrical, 
thence it is expelled through the Semiluna valve, into 
the Aorta, the trunk of the Arterial System, thence 
through the cappillaries, arteries and veins, and returns 
to rigat auricle by way of the Venae Cavae, ascending 
and deeending, 

Fyinplsatic Circulation. Nearly every part of the 
body is permeated with a second series of cappillaries* 
This second series are termed the Lymphatic System. 
The large number of the cappillaries converge into the 
Thoracic Duct, which empties into the veins of the neck. 

The lymph circulates through the lymphatics, like 
blood through the veins 

DIGESTION and FOOD. 

Food. The strength we posess, come from the food we 
eat. 

We require two kinds of food: Nitrogenous and Car¬ 
bonaceous. 

Nitrogenous food contains the essential to the growth 
and repair of the tissues of the body. 

Carbonaceous food is food containing much carbon, 
consists of two kinds, viz: Sugars and Fats, 

Food. The sugars contain hydrogen and oxygen in 
the proportion to form water; and about the same amount 
of carbon. 

The Fats are like sugars but contain less oxygen and 
not iii the proportion to form water. 

Fat is essential to the assimilation of the food. Sugar 
and Starch aids in digestion and may be converted into 
fat. 

Mineral Matter. Food should contain water and 
certain common minerals, such as iron, sulpher, magne¬ 
sia, phosphorus, salt and potash. 




©o 


IE 3 Ivy siologr^T". 


One kind of food is insufficient for life. A person, fed 
on one kind of food alone would die. 

The object of digestion, is to change food into flesh, 
this is called assimilation. In the course of digestion 
the blood is fitted for the use of the body. 

Digcstional Plan. The food is taken into the 
mouth chewed and mixed with the saliva, and swallowed. 
Then it is acted upon by the gastric juice in the stomach; 
it is passed into the intestines, there it receives the bile, 
pancreatic juices and other liquids, which dissolve it. 
Then the nourshing part of the food is absorbed in the 
stomach and intestines and thrown into the blood 
vessels. 

The process of digestion takes place in the Alimentary 
Canal, which commences at the mouth and is about 
thirty feet long. 

Glands of The mouth. There are three pairs of 
salivary glands in the mouth, viz: Parotid, Submaxillary 
and Sublingual - These glands secrete a juice, which 
mixes with the food in the mouth. 

The Stomai'li, is an irrigular expansion of the diges¬ 
tive tube shaped like the bag pipe, It.holds about three 
pints. It is composed of an inner mucous membrane, 
which secrets a digestive fluid. 

The circular fibres of the stomach have a churning mo¬ 
tion, called peristaltic, causes contents of the stomach to 
be thorughly mixed. 

The Intestines are divided into the small and large 
intestines. 

* 

The Bile is secreted by the liver; about three pounds 
is secreted per day. When not neded for digestion it 
is stored away in the gall cyst. 

The IJvcr is the largest gland in the body; it weighs 
about four pounds, located on the right side below the 
diaphram, 



IE? Ih- 3 rsio logr37\ 


©1 


The Pancreatic Juice is a secretion of pancreas, or 
sweet bread: a gland nearly as large as the hand lying 
behind the stomach; it contain a ferment called tripsin. 
When this juice acts on the food, it is (food) termed chyle. 

The Small Intestine* is an intricately folded tube 
about twenty feet long, and from one, to one and one half 
inch in diameter. 

Absorption is performed in two ways: by Veins and 
the Lacteals. 

The veins of the stomach take the water, starch, grape 
sugar and other substances, that need no special prepa¬ 
ration. 

The Lacteals starts in the Villi, they run side by 
side and absorb the principal part of the fat. 

The Portal Veins carry to the liver, the food ab¬ 
sorbed by the veins of the stomach and the Villi of the 
intestine. 


THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

The Nervous System includes the Brain, the Spinal 
Cord and the Nerves. It is composed of two kinds of 
matter, the white and gray. 

The Brain is the seat of the mind. Average weight 
is about fifty ounces, shaped like an egg, 

The pia-mater is a fine tissue of the brain. 

The brain is wraped wiih a tough membrane called 
dura-mater. 

The brain consists of two parts, the Cerebrum and the 
Cerebellum. 

The Cerebrum, comprises about seven eighths of the 
brain; it fills the front and upper part of the skull. 

The Cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres. 

The Cerebellum lies below the cerebrum and in the 
back part of the head, its structure is similar to that of 
the Cerebrum; the difference by its paralleled ridges. 




©2 


ZEPiL^siolog^r. 


This part of the brain is the center for the control of the 
voluntary muscels. 

The Spinal Coi cl occupies the cavity of the back¬ 
bone, it starts from the brain; just as it starts from the 
brain, there is an expansions called Medula Oblongata. 

The Nerves are glistening silvery threads, composed 
of white matter without, and gray within. 

The Motor nerves carry orders of the mind to different 
organs. 

The Sensory Nerves are those which bring back 
impressions. 

The Nerves are divided into three principal claases, 
viz: The Spinal, the cranial and the Sympathetic. 

The Spinal Nerves. There are thirty-one pairs 
from the Spinal Cord Each nerve arises from two roots, 
viz: The Anterior and the Posterior. The anterior is the 
motor and the posterior is the sensory one. 

The Cranial Nerves, are twelve pairs in number; 
spring from lower part of brain and medula oblongata. 

1. Olfactory, nerve of smell. 

2. The Optic, the nerve of vision. 

3. 4, 5 The motor nerves which give motion to the 
eye. 

6. Trifacial nerves are implicated when you ha ve tooth¬ 
ache or neuralgia. 

7. The Facial nerves, give the expression of the face. 

8. The Auditory, are the nerves of hearing. 

P, The Glossopharyngeal nerves are distributed over 
the mucos membrane of the pharynx and tonsils, 

10. The Pneumogastric nerve presides over the larynx* 
lungs, liver, and stomach and one branch extends to the 
heart. 

11 The Accessory nerves regulate the vocal movements 
of the larynx. 

12 The Fypoglosal nerves give motion to the tongue. 



siolognsr. 


33 


The Sympathetic System contains the nerves of or¬ 
ganic life. It consists of a double chain of ganglia on 
either sides of backbone, from these ganglia delicate 
nerves run to the organs on which life depends, the heart 
and lungs, etc. 

SKIN. 

The Skin is a tough thin close fitting garment for the 
protection of the tender flesh, 

Structure. The skin is made up of two parts, Cuti¬ 
cle and Cutis, 

Cuticle is the dead skin, without feeling. 

Cutis is the true skin. 

THE HAIR and NAILS. 

The Hair is one of the modifications of skin, and is 
found on all parts of the body except the palm of the 
hand and sole of the foot. 

The IVails are modifications of the skin, and are found 
on the ends of the fingers and toes, they serve to protect 
the ends of the toes and fingers, 

TEETH. 

The Teeth are thirty-two in number. There are four 
classes of teeth, viz: The Incisors, Canines, Bicuspids 
and the Grinders or Molars. 

There are two sets of teeth: the Milk teeth and the Per¬ 
manent teeth, 

Structure of teeth, The interior of the tooth con¬ 
sist of dentine. The outer part of the teeth which is sub¬ 
ject to wear is protected by a sheath of enamal substance. 

GLANDS OF THE SKIN. 

The Oil ft lands are clusters of tiny sacs, which se¬ 
crete an oil that flows along the duct to the root of the 
hair. 

The Perspiratory Glands are fine tubes ahotp 
one three-hundrethsof an inch in diameter* ami a tjUhiUi* 



©-4 


JP li-37-siologr3 r . 


of an inch in length. They are found on all parts of 
the body, fewest on back of neck The total number on 
the body of an adult is about two and one half millions. 

The Skin has three powers: (1) Its protecting power; 
(2) its exhaling and (3) its absorbing power. 

VOICE AND RESPIRATION. 

The organs of Respiration and the Voice are the 
lungs, trachea and larynx. 

The Larynx is a cartilaginous tube situated at the 
top of the wind pipe or trachea; it is the organ of the 
voice. 

The Trachea is the largest of the air passages, 
composed in part of cartilage rings which render its 
surface rough and uneven; at its lower extremity it is 
divided into two parts, left and right bronchii, and these 
are subdivided as the branches of a tree. The subdi¬ 
visions are called bronchial tubes. 

The Lungs are ramified by the bronchial tubes; these 
tubes end in clusters of cells so small that there are six 
hundred million in all. The lungs are soft, elastic and 
spongy-like. The lungs have a double covering, the 
pluera. The capacity of the lungs of a person of ordi¬ 
nary hight is about 331 cu. in, 231 cu. in., active capacity, 
and 100 cu, in. of latent capacity. 

Cilia are minute vibratile hair like processes found 
upon the cells of the air-passages and other parts that 
are habitually moist. 

Respiration consists of inspirtation and expiration. 

SPECIAL SENSES. 

ToneEa is often called the common sense. The nerves 
of touch are spreaded over the whole body. 

Taste. The sense of taste is located in the papillae 
of the tongue and palate, The hair like projections of 
the cuticle absorb the liquid to be tasted and convey it to 
the nerves of taste. 





35 


Smell. The nose is the seat of smell. The olfactory 
nerves are distributed over the inner surface of the two 
chambers, and catch the various odors which are borne 
to the nostrils by the air. 

Blearing. The ear is the organ of hearing and is 
divided into three parts, external, middle and internal 
ears. 

The External Ear is the outer ear, curiously folded 
for catching sound. The external ear contains the audi¬ 
tory canal which leads to the ear drum, or tympanum 

The Middle Ear is a cavity at the bottom, of which 
is the Eustachian tube leading to the mouth. 

The middle ear contains three small bones, viz: Ham¬ 
mer, Anvil and Stirrup. They all weigh but a few grains. 

The Internal Ear is hollowed out of the solid bone, 
it contains an ante-chamber about as large as a grain of 
wheat: from it opens three semi-circular canals, and the 
winding stair of the cochlea. The delicate fibrils of the 
auditory nerves are expanded here. 

Ear. There is a liquid which fills the labyrinth, a 
little bag containing hair like bristles floats in this li¬ 
quid. (Sand and two ear-stones). 

How we Hear. Whenever the sound wave of a son¬ 
orous body is caught by the external ear, it is conveyed 
by the way of an opening to the tympanum, the sound 
strikes upon the membrane which vibrates and sends the 
motion along the chain of bones of the middle ear, to 
the fluids of the labyrinth, here the bristles, sand and 
stones play their part and the pulsations .are car¬ 
ried to the auditory nerves and the nerves carry the sound 
to the brain. 

Sight. The eye is the organ of sight, it is shaped like 
a globp, about one inch in diameter. 

The eye ball is covered with three tough coats, (1) The 
Sclerotic coat, is the horny casing which gives shape to 
the eye, (2) The Chon id is a black lining which absorbs 



96 


laplb-srsiolog^^■ 


the superfluous light, (3) The Retina is the membrane in 
which the optic nerves expand. 

There are other minor parts or members of the eye, viz: 
The Cornea, the Aqueous Humor, the Iriss, the Pupil, the 
Crystalline lens and the Optic nerves. 

GLOSORY. 

Abdomen is the largest cavity of the body, contain¬ 
ing the liver, intestines and stomach. 

Albumen, an animal substance resembling the white 
of an egg. 

Albuinos is a soluble animal substance produced in 
the stomach by the digestion of the albuminoid sub¬ 
stances. 

Albuminoid is a class of proximate principles re¬ 
sembling albumen. 

Aorta, the largest artery of the body, and is the main 
trunk of the Arterial System or all the arteries. 

Arachnoid Membrane is an extreme thin cover¬ 
ing of the brain and spinal cord. 

Artery, a vessel which conveys the blood from the 
heart 

Assimilation, the conversion of food into flesh. 

Bronchi, the two first branches of the trachea, one 

enters each lung. 

Carbonic Acid The gas which is present in the 
air expired fron the lungs a waste product of the animal 
kingdom, 

Cardiac, the upper orifice of the stomach, and is near 
the heart. , 

Cerebellum, the little brain. 

Cerebrum, the brain prop >r, occupying the entire 
upper part of the skull. It is nearly divided into two 
equal parts called hemispheres 

Choroid, the middle tunic coat of the eyeball. 

Chyle, the milk-like fluid formed by the digestion of 
fatty articles of food in the intestines. 





&7 


Chyme, the pulpy liquid formed by digestion 
within the stomach, 

Cilia, minute, vibratile, hair-like processes found 
upon the cells of the air passages. 

Cochlea, the spiral cavity of the internal ear. 

Conjunctiva, a thin layer of mucus membrane which 
lines the eyelids and covers the front of eyeball. 

Cornea, the transparent horn like substance, which 
covers the anterior fifth of the eye ball, 

Corpuscles, the small bi-concave discs which give 
to the blood its red color. 

Cricoid, a cartilage of the larynx resembling a seal¬ 
ring in shape, 

Crystaline lense, one the so called humors of the 
eye, 

Cuticle, the scarf or dead skin, also called ephiermis. 

Cutis, the true skin called dermis. 

Diaphragm, a large thin muscle, which separates 
the cavity of the chest from the abdomen. 

Duodenum, the first division of the small* intestines 
about twelve fingers breadth long. 

Duromater, the tough membrane which envelops 
the brain, 

Endocardium, the lining membrane of the heart. 

Folicle, a little pouch or depression in a membrane, 
it has a secretory function. 

Ganglion, a knot-like swelling in the course of a 
nerve, 

Jugular, the name of the large veins, which run 
along the front of the neck. 

Labyrinth, the very tortuous cavity of the inner ear. 



98 


3?h.-y siologrs^- 


Laeteals, the absorbent vessels of the small intes¬ 
tines, 

Larynx, the cartilaginous tube situated at the top of 
windipe, it is the organ of the voice. 

JLympti, the colorless, watery fluid, conveyed by the 
lymphatic vessels. 

Oesophagus, the tube leading from the throat to the 
stomach, it carries the food. 

Patella, the knee pan, small bone. 

Pepsin, the organic principle of the gastric juice. 

Pharynx, the cavity between the back of the mouth 
and gullet. 

Pia mater is the thin delicate substance, the inner¬ 
most of the three coverings of the brain. 

Pylorus, the lower opening of the stomach, at the 
beginning of the small intestines. 

Saliva, the fluids of the mouth, secreted by the sali¬ 
vary glands. 

Serum, the watery constituent of the blood. 

Synovia, the lubricating fluid of joints. 

Systole, the contraction of the heart. 

Tendon, the white fibrous chord by which a muscle 
is attached to the bones. 






























LofC. 

- v 















0-ra,233.:ma,r. 


ioi 



GRAMMAR. 

Etymology treats of the classification, and deriva¬ 
tion and properties of words. 

With reference to meaning and use, words are divided 
into nine classes, called parts Of speech, viz: Nouns, 
Adjectives, Pronouns, Verbs, Participles, Adverbs. Prep¬ 
ositions, Conjunctions and Interjections. 

A Noun is a name. Ex. John, boys. 

An Adjective is a word used to describe a noun. 

Ex. Small birds. 

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. 

Ex. He is my brother. 

A Verb is a word which expresses action, being or 
state. 

Ex. Mary sings 

A Participle is a word derived from a verb and par¬ 
takes of the properties of a verb; and of an adjective or a 
noun. 

The Verbal Noun is called a gerund 



102 


<3-rsm3.3^n.str 


The Gerund is a verbal noun having the same form 
as the imperfect participle. It is used only in the nomi¬ 
native, dative and accusative. 

The Gerund is always a noun, the participle always an 
adjective 

The Gerund may be the subject of a verb, the partici¬ 
ple cannot. 

Ex. Running is a fatiguing exercise, “running” is a 
gerund and fatiguing is a participle. 

An Adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an ad¬ 
jective, a participle or another adverb. 

A Preposition is a word used to show the relation 
between its object and some other words, 

A Conjunelion is a word used to connect words, 
sentences or parts of sentences. 

An Interjection is a word used to denote feeling or 
emotion. 

Nouns. There are two classes of nouns, Common and 
Proper. 

Common Noun is a name, which may be applied to 
any ohe of a kind or class of objects, 

A Proper Noun is the name of some particular per¬ 
son, thing or place. 

Class Nouns are names which may be applied to each 
individual of a class or group of objects. 

An Abstract Noun is the name of a quality consid¬ 
ered apart from the object in which it is found. 

Ex. Brightness or bitterness. 

A Collective Noun is a name, singular in form; 
though denoting more than one 
Ex. herd, flock, etc. 

Participial Noun or Gerund is the name of an ac¬ 
tion. 

PROPERTIES OF THE NOUN. 

11 ! * Properties of tltenoun are:G ender, Person, 

Xtimber and Case. 



<3-ra,nn.ma,r. 


103 


GENDER. 

Gender is a distinction of nouns and pronouns with 
regard to sex. 

There are four genders: Masculine, denotes males; the 
Feminine, denotes female; the Common, denotes either 
male or female and the Neuter, which denotes neither 
male nor female, as; stove city and pen, 

There are three ways of distinguishing the masculine 
from the feminine: 

1st. By using different words, 

Ex. Bachelor, maid. 

2nd. By different terminations or endings, 

Ex. Actor, Actiess, Lion and Lioness. 

3rd. By different words used in compound names, 

Ex. Man-serveut and Maid-servant, 

PERSON. 

Person is that property of a noun or pronoun which 
distinguishes the speaker, the person spoken to and the 
person or object spoken of, 

There are three persons: 

1. Fist person, the speaker. 

2. Second person, the one spoken to, 

3. Third person, the one spoken of. 

NUMBER. 

Number is that property of a noun, which distin¬ 
guishes one from more than one. 

There are two numbers, viz: 

The singular denotes one. 

The plural denotes more than one 

CASE. 

Case is the relation of a noun or pronoun to other 
words. 

Nouns have four cases: Nominative, Possessive, 
Objective and Nomtnative Absolute. 



10-4 


G-ra,m.zrxa,r. 


The Nominative case is the use of a noun or pro¬ 
noun, as subject or nominative predicate of a proposition. 

The Possessive case is the use of a noun or pronoun 
to denote ownership. 

The Possessive case singular is formed by annexing ’s 
to the nominative. 

The Possessive case plural is formed by annexing the 
apostrophe only when the nominative plural ends in s; 
and when the nominative plural does not end in s, why 
the apostrophe and s is added or annexed. 

Objective case, the use of a noun or pronoun, as the 
object of a transitive verb in the active voice or a prepo¬ 
sition, 

Nominative Absolute case, is the use of a noun in¬ 
dependent of any governing word. 

The Nominative Absolute case has five nominative in¬ 
dependent case constructions. 


INDEPENDENT NOMINATIVE CONSTRUCTION. 

1. By direct address as—Charles, come to see me. 

2. By mere exclamation as—“Oh Popular Applause!” 

3. By pleonasm as—“Gad! A troop shall overcome 
him.” 

4. With a participle as—The sun being risen we pur¬ 
sued our journey. 

5. By position, as—‘‘A Flood;’’ Louis Agassiz. 

The Declension of a noun is its variation to denote 
number and case. 


NOUNS HAVING FOREIGN PLURALS ONLY 


Si NGULAR 
alumnus 


Plural. 

alumni. 


amanuensis 


amanuenses 


analysis 
an tithe is 


analyses. 

antitheses. 





0-rsLam.msir. 


105 


(Nouns Having Foreign Plurals Only, Continued). 

apparatus, 
arcana, 
axes. 


apparatus 

arcanum 

axis 

basis 

beau 

chrysalis 

cicerone 

crisis 

datum 

desideratum 

diaeresis 

monsieur 

nebula 

oasis 

parenthesis 

phenomenon 

radius 

scoria 

series 

speculum 

stimulus 

stratum 

thesis. 

vertex 

virtuoso 

vortex 


bases. 

beaux. 

chrysalides. 

ciceroni, 

crises. 

data. 

desiderata. 

diaereses. 

messieurs. 

nebulae 

oases, 

parentheses 

phenomena. 

radii. 

scoriae. 

series. 

specula. 

stimuli. 

strata. 

theses 

vertices. ' 

virtuosi. 

vortices. 


NOUNS HAVING FOREIGN PLURALS ONLY. 


Singular. 

effluvium 

miasma 

metamorphosis 

magnus 


Plural 

effluvia 

miasmata. 

metamorphoses. 

rnagni. 




2.0© 


0-rEu3m.rn.str. 


(Nouns Having Foreign Plurals Only, Continued). 


ellipsis 

ellipses. 

emphasis 

emphases. 

ephemeris 

ephemerides. 

larva 

larvae. 

lamina 

laminae. 

erratum 

errata. 

focus 

foci, 

ignus-fatuus 

ignes-fatui. 

hypothesis 

hypotheses. 

hiatus 

hiatus. 

genus 

genera. 


ADJECTIVES. 


An Adjective is a word which qualifies or limits the 
meaning of a noun. 

Adjectives are divided into two general classes, viz: 

Definitive, which simply limit without expressing 
any quality, and the Descriptive, which simply limit 
and at the same time express quality; as, dark clouds, 
good boys. 

Definitive adjectives, which express number are 
called numerals, and are divided into Cardinals and Or¬ 
dinals. 

Cardinal Numerals answer the question. “How 
many;” as, three fourth, etc. 

Ordinal Numerals express order or rank; as, first, 
second, etc. 

Adjectives have only one modification, Compari¬ 
son, which is the change of form that adjectives undergo 
to express different degrees of quality. 

There are three degrees of comparison generally given: 
The Positive, the Comparative and the Superlative. 

1. The Simple form is called the positive degree. 

2. The Comparative expresses a higher degree of 
quality in one of several things. 



Grammar, 


107 


3. The Superlative expresses the very highest or 
least degree of quality in one of several things, 

Adjectives are regularly compared by adding er to 
the positive, to form the comparative and est, to the 
positive to form the superlative. 

ARTICLES. 

“A” or “an 1 ’ and “the” are called articles. 

A or an are called indefinite articles. 

The is a definite article. 

A is used before words beginning with a consonant, 

An is used before a word beginning with a vowel. 

PRONOUN. 

A Pronoun, is a word used instead of a noun. 

The Antecedent of a pronoun is the word for which 
the pronoun is used. 

The Properties of a pronoun are the same as those 
of a noun, Gender, Number, Person and Case 

CLASSES. 

Pronouns, are divided into four classes: Personal, 
Possessive, Relative and Interrogative. 

Personal prououns represent nouns and show by 
their form whether they are first, second or third person. 

They are of two kinds: Simple and Compound. 

The Simple Personal pronouns, are: I, thou, he, 
she and it. 

The Compound Personal pronouns are formed by 
adding, self, or selves to the simple; as, myself, them¬ 
selves. 

PRONOUNS. 

Relative pronoun is used to represent its antecedent 
to which it joins a limiting clause. 

Relative pronouns are either simple or compound. 

The Simple relatives are who, which, what and that, 



108 


G-r a, rri. m a,r. 


The Compound relatives are formed by adding, ever, 
so, and soever to the relatives. 

Ex. Whoever and whosoever 

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 

The Interrogative pronouns, used to ask questions; 
they are who, which and what. 

VERBS. 

A Verb is a word which affirms or declares something. 

The modifications of verbs are: Moods, Tense, Voices 
Person and Numbers, 

In respect to meaning, verbs are either, transitive or 
intransitive. 

A Transitive, verb is one which requires an object to. 
complete its meaning. 

An Intransitive verb, is one which does not require 
an object to complete the sense. 

In respect to form, verbs are either regular or irregular. 

A Regular verb is one that forms its past tense, and 
perfect participle by adding ed to the present. 

An Irregular verb, is one that does not form itspast- 
tense and perfect participle by adding ed to the present. 

A Redundant verb, is a verb which has a regular 
and an irregular form 

A Defective verb, is one that wants some of its 
parts. 

An Auxiliary or helping verb is one that Is used in 
conjugating other verbs. 

Conjugation is the arrangement of a verb accord¬ 
ing to its moods, tenses, voices, person and number. 

The Principal parts of a verb are the indicative 
present, "indicative past and the perfect participle. 

The Synopsis of a verb is the regular arrangement of 
the forms of one number and person in all the moods and 
tenses. 



Grammar. 


109 


MOODS. 

The Indicative, mode is used to declare a thing, as 
a fact or to ask a question. 

The Subjunctive, mode represents a thing not as a 
fact, but as simply conceived in the mind, as—If I were a 
king, 

The Imperative, mode is used in commanding, ex¬ 
horting or entreating, as—Children obey your parents. 

The Potential mode asserts the power, liberty possi¬ 
bility or neccessity of acting or being. 

The Inflnilive is a form of the verb which names the 
action or being in a general way without asserting any¬ 
thing. 

TENSE. 

Tense is that modification of a verb which expresses 
the time of the action or being. 

There are six tenses, viz: Present, Past, Future, Pre¬ 
sent perfect, Past perfect and Future perfect, 

Number and Person of a verb thow its agreement 
with the number and person of its subject. 

Voice is that modification of the transitive verb 
which shows whether the subject names the actor or the 
thing acted upon. 

The Aellve Voice shows that the subject names the 
actor. 

The Passive Voice shows that the subject names 
the thing acted upon. 

ADVERBS. 

An Adverb is a word used to modify a verb, adjective, 
paiticiple or other adverbs. 

Adverbs of Time answers the question, When? 

Adverbs of Place answers the question, Where? 

Adverbs of Degree answers the question, to what extent. 

' Adverbs of Manner answers the question, in what way? 

Adverbs of Cause answers the question, Why? 



LIO 


Gram ma,r. 


CONJUNCTIONS. 

Conjunctions are divided into two general classes, 
viz: Co-ordinate and Subordinate. 

Co-ordinate conjunction, are those which join ele¬ 
ments of the same rank or name. They may be classified 
as follows: 

1. Copulative denoting addition merely; as, and, 
also, further, etc. 

2. Adversative denoting opposition of meaning; as, 
but, still, yet, only, etc, 

3. Alternative denoting that which may be chosen 
or omitted; as, else, or, nor, either, etc. 

Subordinate conjunctions are those which join ele¬ 
ments of different ranks .or names, and may be classed as 
follows: 

1. Causal denoting; effect, reason, condition, or pur¬ 
pose; as, that, if, unless, except as, lest, etc. 

2. Temporal denoting time; as, after, before, when, 
etc. 

3. Eocal denoting rest in, or motion to, or from a 
place; as. where, there, whence, (4) of manner or degree; 
as, as—how, although, etc. 


CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES. 

Sentences are classed in respect to meaning into 
four classes: 

1. Declarative sentence is used to affirm or deny 
something, 

2. An Interrogative sentence is one used to ask a 
question. 

3. An Imperative sentence is one used to express a 
command or an entreaty. 

4. An Exclamatory sentence is one used in excla¬ 
mations or in the expression of strong emotion. 




Or.ra,ncL23n.a,r. 


1.1.1. 


CLASSVFICAT10N WITH RESPECT TO FORM. 

With respect to form sentences are divided into three 
classes: 

1. Simple sentence consists of a single proposition. 

2. A Complex sentence contains one independent 
and one or more dependant clauses. 

3. A Compound sentence consists of two or more 
simple or complex sentences joined by co-ordinate con¬ 
junctions. 


VARIOUS USES OF A PARTICIPLE. 

1. A Participle may be used as an adjective modi¬ 
fier. 

Ex. Hearing a noise I turned. 

2, The participle may be used as an attribute compli¬ 
ment. 

Ex. She kept singing. 

3 The participle may be used as an objective comple¬ 
ment. 

Ex. I saw the man running faster. 

4. The participle may be used as principle word in a 
prepositional phrase, 

Ex. We receive good by doing good. 

5. -The participle with its assumed subject may be used 
as the subject of a sentence or as object complement. 

6 The participle may be used as a noun. 

Ex The singing was nice. 

7 The participle may be used independently. 

Ex. The bridge giving away, the wagon fell into the 
river. 





lisa 


O-ra.iXLxn.ar. 


INFINITIVES. 

L The Infinitive phrase may be used as an adjective 
or an adverb modifier. 

Ex. (Adverb) We will strive to please you; as—Ad¬ 
jective—The flower house is a trap to catch sunbeams. 

2. The Infinitive may be used as subject or comple¬ 
ment. 

Ex. To hear our fate is to conquer it. 

3. The infinitive may be used after a preposition, as 
the principle word in the prepositional phrase. 

Ex. John is now about to whistle. 

4. The infinitive with its assumed subject may be used 
as principal term in phrase introduced by the preposition 
for. 

Ex. For us to see our mistakes is profitable. 

5. The infinitive phrase may be used as an explanatory 
modifier. 

Ex. It is easy to do good. 

6. The infinitive phrase may be used as objective com¬ 
plement. 

Ex. He made me run. 

7. The infinitive phrase may be used independently. 

Ex. Honesty to tell the truth, is a good motto 

VERBS. 

Verbs have twelve various forms: 

1 Simple form affirmative, Pass. Voice, Ind Mode, I 
am loved, (2) Simple emphatic, I am loved, (3) Simple 
form negative, I am not loved, (4) Simple form interro¬ 
gative, Am I loved, (5) Simple form interrogative nega¬ 
tive, Am I not loved. 

The Progressive forms are the same as the others 
except, ing is suffixed to the root of the verb; as, I am 
loving, etc. 



Ora, rci reiser 


113 


Various Uses And Meaning Of Some Defective Verbs. 

Ought is the past of owe, expresses present obligation 
with a perfect infinitive. 

Shall means to owe, to be under obligation. 

Will expresses determination; it is used to express a 
future action arising from the determination of the sub¬ 
ject, 

Should and Would are used when the principal or 
leading verb is past 

I?Iay means to have power to do. 

Can means the knowing how to do or what, 

Ittust expresses necessity; it has no variation. 


THE NOUN CLAUSE. 

1st. The IVoun Clause may be used as the subject 
of a sentence 

Ex. That the earth is not flat has been proved. 

2nd. The noun clause may be used as object comple¬ 
ment. 

Ex. The boy said, “I must go home.'’ 

3rd. The noun clause may be used as attribute 
complement. 

Ex. The colonies’ motto was, that all men are equal. 

4th, The noun clause may be used as an explanatory 
modifier. 

Ex. It has been proved, that the United States is a 
power in war. 

5th, The noun clause may be used as the principal 
term in a prepositional phrase 

Ex. I am not certain that John will come, 




2.1-& 


Grammar 


A noun clause may be contracted: 1 st. By changing 
the predicate to a participle, and the Subject to a posses¬ 
sive. 

Ex. That he was a rogue has been acknowledged is 
equivalent to: His being a rogue has been acknowledged. 

2nd. The noun clause may be contracted by making 
the predicate, when changed to an infinitive, the objec¬ 
tive complement and the subject an object comple¬ 
ment. 

Ex. The court commanded that the man should be 
imprisoned, is equivalent to: The court commanded the 
man to be imprisoned. 

3rd. A noun clause may be contracted to an infinitive 
phrase. 

Ex. That we should vote is a duty of every citizen, is 
equivalent to: To vote is a duty of every citizen 

The relative pronoun, what, is only used when the 
antecedent is omitted. 

Ex. I saw what it was. 

Which is used when the antecedent is not omitted. 

Ex. I saw the thing which was there. 

That should always represent persons, animals and 
things; which, brute animals and inanimate things; and 
who, should always represent persons. 

That should be used instead of who or which: 1st 
When it would prevent ambiguity. 2. When it would 
sound better than who or which. 3. When the antece¬ 
dent names both persons and things. 

The pronoun them should never be used for the 
adjective those. 


THE VARIOUS USES OF, AS, BUT, THAT AND WHAT. 

As, may be used as an introductory word, Ex. He 

went as mate. 




Gramm a-r. 


1185 


As, may be used as an adverb modifier. Ex. It is as 
little disputed as any word. 

As, may be used as a conjunction. Ex “It is as near 
to heaven by sea as by land.” 

As, may be used as a pronoun. Ex. Reject such things 
as are worn. 

BUT. 

But, may be used as a conjunction. Ex. John came 
home but he was very weak 

But, may be used as an adjective. Ex. He is but a 
man. 

But, may be used as an adverb modifier. Ex. We 
meet but to part. 

But, may be used as a preposition. Ex. All but him 
was lost. 

WHAT. 

Wliat, may be used as a relative pronoun. Ex. The 
boy did what was right. 

What, may be used as an interrogative pronoun Ex. 
What did the man do? 

What, may be used as a definitive adjective. Ex. 
What boy is happy when hungry. 

What, may be used as an adverb. Ex. What without 
food and what without shelter, the man found himself 
in despair. 

What, may be used as an interjection. Ex, What! 
you a hero? 

THAT. 

That, may be used as a relative pronoun. Ex. He 
that does good is rewarded. 

That,' may be used as an adjective pronoun. Ex, 
That is heroism. 

That, may be used as a definitive adjective. Ex. That 
boy has done wrong. 




me 


Grammar. 


That, may be used as a conjunction. Ex. We labor 
that we may prosper. 

That, may be used as a conjunctive adverb. Ex. It 
was so hot that the plants died. 


THE ELEMENTS OF A SENTENCE. 

Any word, phrase or clause performing a distinct 
office in a sentence is called an element, and are classi¬ 
fied with reference to form, rank and office. 1 As to 
form, elements are either words, phrases or clauses. 

2. As to rank, elements are either principal, subordi¬ 
nate or independent ■ 

3. As to office, elements are either substantive, affir¬ 
mative, adjective, adverbial or connective. 


PROSODY* 

Prosody is the science of versification. 

A Foot is a combination of two or more syllables in a 
verse. 

A Verse is a number of feet arranged in a certain 
order and constituting a line of poetry. 

.The principal Kind of Verses used in English are 
four, called Iambic Verse, Trochaic Verse, Anapestic 
Verse, and Dactylic Verse. These kind of measures are 
named from the fundamental foot of each—Iam¬ 
bic, from Iambus; Trochaic, from Trochee; Anapestic, 
from the anapest and Dactylic, from dactyl. 

Poetry is written either in Rhyme or Blank verse. 

Rhyme is the correspondence of sound in the last 
syllables of two or more lines, generally succeeding each 
other or at no great distance. 

A Blank Verse in poetry is a verse without rhyme. 

There are two Kind of Pauses used in reading 
poetry, a Final and a Ceesural. 





Grammar 


11 * 7 . 


A Final Pause is a pause made at the end of a line 
The Caesural Pause is a pause in a verse. 


FEET IN POETRY. 

Iambus consists of an unaccented and an accented 
syllable 

The Spondee consists of tw.> accented syllables. 

The Anapest consists of two unaccented and an 
accented syllable. 


FIGURES OF LANGUAGE. 

A Figure of Speech is a departure from the ordi¬ 
nary form, regular constructions or literal signification 
of words. 

A Figure of Etymology is a departure from the 
usual form of words. 

A Figure of Syntax is a departure from the usual 
construction of words, 

A Figure of Rhetoric is a departure from the 
primitive or literal sense of a word. 


FIGURES OF ETYMOLOGY. 

1. Aplieresis is the elision of a letter or syllable 
from the beginning of a word; as, ’gainst for against. 

2. Syncope is the omission of one or more letters 
in the middle of a word; as, ne’er for never. 

3. Prosthesis is the prefixing of a letter or syllable 
to a word; as, adown for down. 

4. Apocope is the omission of the last letter of a 
word; as, th’ for the. 

5. Syneclidoche is a figure by which the whole is 
put for a part; as, the sails for the ship. 






11© 


Grammar, 


6. Metonymy is a figure by which one word is put 
for another; as, strong bottle for what is in the bottle. 

7. Hyperbole is a figure which magnifies objects 
beyond their proper bounds; as, the land flows with milk 
and honey. 

8. Climax is an arrangement of the parts of a sen¬ 
tence by which they are made to rise step by step iu 
interest. 

9. Irony is a mode of expression by which the 
saying is contrary to the meaning. 

10 Ellipsis is the omission of a word, phrase or 
clause, which is necessary to complete the construction 
of a sentence. 

11. Pleonasm is the use of more words than are 
necessary. 

12. Simile is the expressing the likeness of things 
or animals; as, the cat is like a tiger. 

13. Metaphor is the expression of similitude 
without the signs of comparison; as, the man is a lion. 

14. Personification consists in attributing life 
and mind to inanimate objects; as, the mountains sing 
praises unto the Lord. 

15. Allegory is a discourse in which one subject is 
described by another resembling it. 


















♦ 


« 






% 







♦ 



« 





































\ 


/ 


. 


% 








$ 







♦ 


I 



✓ 


* 













■ 














X 































aEOaR^-PKET. 


ZONES. 

There are five Zones; viz., two Frigid Zones, each 
2334° wide; two Temperate Zones, each 43° wide; in 
these zones the year has four seasons—spring, summer, 
autumn, and winter. One Torrid Zone, 47° wide, 
embraces two fifths of the entire surface of the earth, 

MOTIONS OF THE EARTH. 

The earth lias two Motions, a daily and a yearly 
motion The daily motion is called the earth’s rotation 
and is made once in twenty-four hours; this motion 
causes day and night It (the earth) rotates from east 
to west. 

Rate. It moves at the equator at the rate of 25,(XX) 
miles per hour. 

Yearly Motion. The earth accomplishes its yearly 
motion once a year, or in every 36534 days. This is called 
the earth’s revolution When the earth accomplishes this 
revolution, it has passed around the sun. 

Orbit of tlie Earth. The circle which the earth 
makes around the sun is called its mbit. This path or 
orbit is 93,000,000 miles from the *un. 



ISO 


<3-eog r ra,pli.37'. 


LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. 

The circle around the earth is divided into 360 equal 
parts called degrees. 

The earth is divided into equal parts by the great cir¬ 
cles; viz., the Equator and the Meridian circles The 
Equator divides the earth into two equal parts; it is a 
great circle which belts the earth, passing around it at 
equal distances from the poles. 

The Latitude, is the distance north or south of the 
equator. It is expressed in degrees (®), minutes ('), and 
seconds ("). 

Tropics are small circles 23^° from the equator; 
they run parallel to the equator. The northern tropic 
is called the tropic of Cancer; the southern tropic is 
called the tropic of Capricorn. 

The Meridian Circles are the great circles which 
pass through the poles and divide the earth into equal 
parts. 

The Longitude, the distance east or west of a given 
meridian is called longitude; it is expressed in degrees 
(°), minutes ('), and seconds ( '). 

SEASON’S CHANGES. 

The inclination of the earth’s axis, combined with its 
revolution, causes the seasons to change. 

WINDS. 

Winds are caused by one part of the atmosphere 
becoming hotter than the other; winds are currents of 
air. 

Trade Winds are the two cold currents of air 
which always flow towards the equator from the poles. 
The revolution of the earth causes the wind from the 
North Pole to become a northeast wind, and the one 
from the south to become a southeast wind. 



121 


O-eogrrstpl!.^. 


The steady flow of. these winds in the same direction 
gave them the name of Trade Winds. 

The heated air, which rises in the tropics and rushes 
towards the poles, are called “Counter Trade Winds,” 

BREEZES. 

Sea Breezes, Along the sea shore there is a cool 
breeze, which comes from the sea by day, called sea 
breeze, 

Land Breezes. At night, along the sea shore, a 
breeze sets in from the land to the sea, called land 
breeze. 


CLIMATE. 

Climate is the effect of heat and moisture. 

The climate depends upon the flow of ocean currents, 
the prevailing directions of the wind, the distance from 
the sea, the latitude, and the hight above the level of 
the sea. 

ISOTHERMS. 

Isotherms are imaginary lines drawn through all- 
places having the same average temperature. 

THE NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE EARTH. 

Land is divided according to form into Continents, 
Islands, Peninsulas, Capes and Isthmuses; it is subdi¬ 
vided into Mountains, Pills, Plateaus, Plains and val¬ 
leys. 

The natural Divisions of Water are Oceans, Seas, 
Straits, Sounds, Bays, Gulfs, Harbors, Rivers and Lakes. 

OCEAN CURRENTS. 

Ocean Currents are warm streams flowing 
through the ocean; as, the Gulf Stream. There are 
several of the warm ocean currents; viz., Gulf Stream. 




122 


Oeogrra-plvy'. 


Japan, Brazil, and the North and South Equatorial cur¬ 
rents. These currents affect the climate of a country or 
place which they pass, 

MAN. 

The human family, by their social conditions, are 
divided into four classes; viz., enlightened, civilized, 
barbarians and savage. 

Races. Men, according to form, feature and color, 
are classified into five races; viz., Ethiopian, American, 
Indian, Malay, Mongolian and Caucasian. 

RELIGIONS. 

There are five principal forms of religion practiced by 
people; viz., Christianity, Buddhism, Judaism, Brahman¬ 
ism, Mohammedanism. 

OCCUPATIONS OF MAN. 

Are, Agriculture, Seafaring, Mining, Manufacturing, 
and Commerce. 

NORTH AMERICA. 

The Physical Divisions of North America. 

1st, The Atlantic Slope and Highland. 2nd The great 
Central Plain. 3rd. The Pacific Highlands and Slope < 

The Political Divisions of North America, 
Are the Dominion of Canada, the United States, Mexico 
and Central America. 

The United States. The United States has three 
great natural Divisions; viz.: 1st. The Atlantic Slope 
and Highlands. 2nd. The Valley of the Mississippi. 3rd, 
The Pacific Highlands and Slope. 

The United States is politically divided into forty-five 
states, District of Columbia and five territories, Puerto 
Rico, Philippine Islands and Hawaiian Islands. 

WATER SHEDS. 

The Appalachian Mountains form a great water shed 
in the east for the United States, and the Rocky Moun- 



C3-eog^ra,pli,3r. 


123 


tains form a water shed in the western part of the 
United States. 


RIVERS in the UNITED STATES. 

Penobscot River, in Maine; Connecticut River, crosses 
the State of Connecticut; Hudson River, in eastern New 
York; Delaware River, between New Jersey and Pennsyl¬ 
vania; James River, in Virginia; Ohio River, rises in 
Pennsylvania, empties into the Mississippi River; 
Tennessee River, crosses the State of Tennessee; Missis¬ 
sippi River, rises in Minnesota, runs a little southeast* 
empties into the Gulf of Mexico; Missouri River, rises in 
the northwestern part of the United States, flows south¬ 
east, crosses the State of Missouri, empties into the 
Mississippi River; Arkansas River, rises in the western 
part of the United States, flows southeast, into the 
Mississippi River; Red River, crosses Louisiana, empties 
into the Mississippi River; Rio Grande River, separates 
Texas from Mexico; Colorado River, found in the south¬ 
western part of the United States, empties into the Gulf 
of California; Yukon River, in Alaska; Columbia River* 
in the northwestern part of the United States, empties 
into the Pacific Ocean. 


UNITED STATES' SEA-PORTS. 

Rockland, in south Maine; Portland, in southwest 
Maine; Port mouth, in southeast New Hampshire; Bos¬ 
ton, Gloucester and Salem, in east Massachusetts; New 
York and Brooklyn, southeast New York; Charleston, in 
southeast South Carolina; Fernandina, in northeast 
Florida; Key West, in extreme southwest Florida; Gal¬ 
veston, in southeast Texas; Sitka, in Alaska on the 
Pacific Ocean; San Francisco, in west California. 





124= 


O-eogrra-piL^' 


OTHER IMPORTANT CITIES in the UNITED STATES. 

Bangor, in south Maine; Cambridge, in east Massa¬ 
chusetts; New Haven, in south Connecticut; Oswego, in 
west New York; Wilmington, in northeast Delaware; 
Houston, in southeast Texas; Cleveland and Toledo, in 
North Ohio; St. Louis, in east Missouri. 


Mountains and Mountain Peaks in North America. 

Appalachian Mountains, in the eastern part of the 
United States; Rocky Mountains, in the western part of 
the United States, also extends through the western 
part of the Dominion of Canada; Sierra Nevada,Cascade, 
and Coast Ranges are found in the western and south¬ 
western parts of the United States. 

Mountain Peaks of North America. Mt. St. Elias, 
near the southeastern boundary line of Alaska and the 
Dominion of Canada; Popocatepetl, found in Mexico; 
Mt. Orizaba, found in Mexico; Mt. Brown, in southwest¬ 
ern Dominion of Canada; Pikes Peak, in the western 
part of the United States; Shasta, in the western part of 
the United States; Coseguina, in Central America; Mt. 
Whitney, western part of the United States; Mt. Fair 
weather, in the western part of the United States; Mt. 
Hood, in the western part of the United States. 


BAYS and LAKES of the UNITED STATES. 

Funday Bay, between Nova Scotia and New Bruns¬ 
wick; Massachusetts Bay, eastern Massachusetts; Narra- 
gansett Bay, southern Rhode Island; Delaware Bay> 
between New Jersey and Delaware; Chesapeake Bay, in 
Maryland; Tampa Bay in western Florida; Apalachee 
Bay south, of west Florida; Mobile Bay, south of Ala- 






C3-eogrra,pl^3 r * 


125 


bama; Atchafalaya Bay, south Louisiana; Monterey Bay* 
west California; San Francisco Bay, West California. 

Lakes. Lake Michigan, in northern United States; 
Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Onta¬ 
rio are partly in the United States and the Dominion of 
Canada; Lake Okeechobee, in southern Florida; Lake 
Pontchartrain, southeastern Louisiana; Lake Itasca, in 
northern Minnesota; Great Salt Lake, in Utah; Sevier 
and Utah Lakes, in Utah; Lake Tulare, in California. 


CAPES of the UNITED STATES. 

Cape Cod, off the east coast of Massachusetts; Cape 
May, southeastern New Jersey; Cape Henlopen, south¬ 
eastern Delaware; Cape Charles, southeastern Maryland; 
Cape Henry, eastern Virginia; Cape Hatteras, eastern 
North Carolina; Cape Lookout, eastern North Carolina; 
Cape Fear, southeastern North Carolina; Cape Canav¬ 
eral. eastern Florida; Cape Sable, southwestern Florid;; ; 
Cape Romano, southwestern Florida; Cape Mendocino, 
western California; Cape Blanco, western Oregon; Cape 
Prince of Wales, western Alaska; Cape Lisburne, north¬ 
western Alaska. 


Points on the Coast of the United States. 

Pt. Hope, northwestern Alaska; Pt. Barrow, northern 
Alaska; Pt. Conception, western California; Pt Arena, 
northwestern California; Pt. Montauk, eastern end of 
Long Island. 


Sounds of the United States. 

Long Island Sound,‘south of Connecticut; Albemarle 
Sound, east of North Carolina; Puget Sound, northwest¬ 
ern part of the United States, 






123 


Creogrrstpli.y. 


AGRICULTURE. 

Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people of 
the United States. 

The United States’ Chief Exports are cotton, petro¬ 
leum, bread-stuff, provisions, the precious metals and 
tobacco. 

The Leading Imports are tin, iron, dry goods, 
wines, silks teas, sugar and fruits, wool, hides and rub¬ 
ber. 


Rivers of British America. 

Ottawa River, in southeastern Canada; Albany River, 
in eastern Canada, flowing into Hudson Bay; Nelson 
River, in Canada, flows into Hudson Bay; Fraser River, 
in the southwestern part of the Dominion of Canada; 
McKenzie, in the northern part of the Dominion of 
Canada. 


Lakes of British America. 

Lake Nipigon and the Lake of the Woods, in southern 
Canada; Deer, Athabasca, Great Slave and Great Bear 
Lakes, in the uortnern part of the Dominion of Canada . 
Hudson Bay is also found in Canada. 


British America. 

BrilUh America is north of the United States and 
includes ail lands north of the United States except 
Alaska It contains ten provinces, one District ami the 
Northwest Territories, viz: Ontario, Quebec, New Bruns¬ 
wick, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, British Columbia, Prince 
Edward Island, the District of Keewatin, and the North¬ 
west Territories 






C^-sogfra.pli.y" 


127' 


Principal Cities. Halifax, in eastern Nova Scotia; 
Fredericton, in New Brunswick; Quebec, in southeastern 
Quebec; Montreal, in Quebec; Ottawa, in northeastern 
Ontario; Regina, in the southern part of the Dominion 
of Canada; Victoria, in west British Columbia. 


DOMINION of CANADA. 

General Description. Canada principally has a 
cold climate. 

The Dominion of Canada is governed by a Parliament 
and a Governor-General. The Governor-General is 
appointed. 

Resources. The chief resources of Canada are her 
productive lands, her forests, her mineral treasures, and 
her fisheries. 

Industries. The industries of Canada are lumber¬ 
ing, ship-building, fishing, mining, commerce, and 
agriculture. 


DANISH AMERICA. 

Danish America comprises Greenland and Iceland. 
Of Greenland there is but little known; the interior 
appears like an immense glacier. Iceland is inhabited 
by about 250 Danes and 10,000 Eskimos. Trees are low, 
being about six feet high. Few grasses grow. 


MEXICO. 

Mexico lies south of the United States. Its interior 
has a very hot climate. It has two seasons, a dry and 
rainy season The rainy season begins in June and 
lasts until November. Volcanoes are found in Mexico. 

Mines. Mexico’s table-lands are rich in mines of 







122© 


G-eog'rsipla.p'- 


gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, quicksilver, zinc, and iron. 
Two hundred thousand men are employed in mining. 

Productions. Its lowland forests abound in 
mahogany and other cabinet wood. Among the vege¬ 
table products are oranges, vanilla, cacao, lemons, 
sugar, and bananas. All kinds of religions are tolerated. 

Government, Mexico is a federal republic, com¬ 
prising twenty-seven states, two territories and one 
district 

Some of the Countries and Territories in Mexico: 
Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevoleon, Tamaulipas, 
Sinaloa, Durango, Lepic, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi* 
Jalisco, Guanaxuato, Colima, Queretaro, Michoacan, 
Hidalgo, Vera Cruz, Guerrero, Puebla, Oaxaca, Chiapas, 
Tabasco, Campeachpe, Yucatan, Lower California, and 
Mexico. 

Volcanoes of Mexico. Colima (Vol.), Jorulla, Popo¬ 
catepetl, and Orizaba. 

Rivers of Mexico. Fuerte River, in northwestern 
Mexico; Nazas River, in north central Mexico; Sabinas 
River, in eastern Mexico; Pamica River, in eastern 
Mexico; Santiago River, in western Mexico; Balsas and 
Verde Rivers, in western Mexico. 

Cakes of Mexico. Cayman, Chapala, Terminas. 


CENTRAL AMERICA. 

Central America occupies the extreme southern 
part of North America. 

It includes five republics; viz.: Guatemala, Salvador 
Honduras, Nicaragua Costa Rico, and a British colony, 
Honduras or Balize by name. 

Minerals. The mines contain gold, silver, copper, 
mercury, etc. 

The principal Productions are coffee, bananas, 
caeaos, sugar, indigo, tobacco, and vanilla. 




Oeog-ra-plh-TT'. 


129 


Volcanoes. Fuego, Agua, Izalco, Cosegulna, and 
Irasu. 

Lakes. Nicaragua and Managua, 

Rivers, Hondo, Ulna, Wauks, 


WEST INDIES. 

The West Indies Islands lie a little southeast of the 
United States. They divide the Carribean Sea and Gulf 
of Mexico from the Atlantic Ocean The area of the 
whole group is about twice that of the State of New 
York. 

These Islands have three principal Divisions, viz.: 
the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and Lesser Antilles. 
Haiti is the only independent island of this group. The 
entire population is .somewhat larger than that of 
Pennsylvania. The Islands have a very warm climate, 
ail being in the Torrid Zone except the Bahamas. The 
princi al islands of this group are Cuba, Puerto Rico, 
Haiti, Jamaica, St. Thomas, Barbadoes, Trinidad, the 
Bahamas and Bermuda Islands. 

The Chief Exports are sugar, molasses, coffee, 
tobacco, fruit and ginger. 


SOUTH AMERICA. 

Description. South America lies south of North 
America. It is triangular in shape. 

Surface. The surface is naturally divided into four 
regions: 1st. The Andean Plateau. 2nd. The Highland 
of Brazil. 3rd The Highland of Guiana. 4th. The 
Great Central Plain. 

Climate. The greater part of South America lies in 
the' Tropics, The lowlands are hot. The temperature 
of the plateaus depends upon tneir bight above the sea 
level 





130 


O-eogTcapiLy. 


Mineral*. South America is one of the richest 
mineral regions of the globe. Gold and silver, precious 
stones and baser metals are found in great quantities. 

Production*. All agricultural products of the 
world may be cultivated in the tropical > arts of South 
America. Cotton, sugar, tobacco, cacao, coffee, the 
banana, rice, spices, and indigo abound in the favored 
regions. 

Countries of South America: Brazil, Venezuela, 
Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentine 
Republic, Paraguay and Uruguay. South America also 
contains Guiana, possessed by the French, Dutch and 
British. 

Rivers of South America: Cauca River, found in 
northern Colombia; Orinoco River, crosses Venezuela 
near the center; Rio Negro, Japura, and Putumavo 
Rivers are northern tributaries of the Amazon River. 
The Amazon River crosses northern Brazil The Purus, 
Maderia, Tapajos, and Xingu Rivers are southern tribu¬ 
taries of the Amazon. The Para River is found in 
eastern Brazil; Paraguay River, empties into the Parana 
River; Pilcomayo River, western tributary of the Para¬ 
guay River; Parana River, rises in southern Brazil, 
flows through the northeastern part of the Argentine 
Republic and empties into the Rio De La Plata; Uru¬ 
guay River, separates Uruguay from the Argentine 
Republic. 

Seaports and important Cities of South America: 
Barranquilla, in northern Colombia; Maraeabo, in 
northwestern Venezuela; La Guayra. in north mi Vene 
zuela; Georgetown, capital of British Guiana; Paramar¬ 
ibo, capital of Dutch Guiana; Cayenne, capital of 
French Guiana;. Maranhao, in northeastern Brazil. 
Ceara, Parahyha and Bahia are found in eastern 
Brazil; Valparaiso, found in western Chile; Callao, 
in western Peru; Gauyaquil, in western Ecuador; 





O- eog^rstp Zb-^r . 


133. 


Panama, on the south side of the Isthmus of Panama; 
Colon, on toe north side of the Isthmus of Panama. 

Caracas, capital of Venezuela; Bogota, capital of 
Colombia; RioJanerio, capital of Brazil; Asuncion, capi¬ 
tal of Paraguay; Montevideo, capital of Uruguay; Bue¬ 
nos Ayres, capital of Argentine Republic; Santiago, 
capital of Chile; Lima, capital of Peru; Quito, capital of 
Ecuador. 


CAPES of SOUTH AMERICA. 

Cape Gallinas, northeast Colombia; Cape Orange, 
northeast Brazil; Cape St. Roque, east Brazil; Cape St. 
Augusfine, east Brazil; Cape Frio, southeast Brazil; Cape 
San Antonio, east Argentine Republic; Cape Corientes, 
east Argentine Republic; Cape Blanco, southeast Argen¬ 
tine Republic; Cape Horn, southern extremity of South 
America 


Principal Mountains and Volcanoes of South America. 

The Andes Mountains, in the western part of 
South America; Sorata, in Bolivia; Illimani, in Bolivia; 
Chimborazo (Volcano), in Ecuador; Arequipa (Volcano)’ 
in Peru; Cotopaxi (Volcano), in Ecuador; Antisana (Vol¬ 
cano),- in Ecuador; Cayembe (Volcano), in Ecuador. 

Lakes of South America: Lake Aullagas, in western 
Bolivia; Lake Guanacoche, in western Argentine Repub¬ 
lic; Lake Titicaca in southeastern Peru; Lake Mara¬ 
caibo, in northwestern Venezuela 

Inhabitants of South America. The native inhabi¬ 
tants of South America are Indians. They inhabit a 
large part of the continent and are found in a savage 







132 


0-eog'-ra,p:h 3 r - 


state (many of them). A number of the present inhabi¬ 
tants are descendants of European settlers. The peopl e 
of Brazil are principally of Portugese descent. The rest 
of the continent is inhabited by people of Spanish 
descent. 


EUROPE. 


Europe consists of two principal natural divisions: 
A great Mountain Region in the southwest and a Low 
Plain in the northeast. 

Climate. Europe has every variety of climate 
except that of equatorial lands. Western Europe has a 
much milder climate than Eastern Europe, owing to the 
access to the ocean currents and the warm sea winds 
from the southwest. 

Minerals. The mountains of Europe are rich in 
minerals, coal, iron, salt, lead, tin, zinc, copper and 
quicksilver, 

Vegetation. Southern Europe abounds in grapes, 
figs, the olive, the lemon, oranges, rice and other trop¬ 
ical grains 

Inhabitants. Europe is principally inhabited by 
the Caucasians. Europe is densely populated. 


OF EUROPE WITH 
THEIP ©pPPFJIKg. 


Countries, 

England and Wales. 
Scotland. 


Capitals, 

London. 

Edinburgh. 





O-eog^rsipli.37'. 


133 


Countries of Europe with 

Ireland. 

Russia. 

Sweden. 

Norway. 

Spain. 

Portugal. 

Italy. 

Greece. 

Turkey 

Roumania. 

Servia. 

France 

German Empire. 
Netherlands. 

Belgium. 

Austria 

Switzerland. 

Denmark. 


their Capitals, Continued. 

Dublin. 

St. Petersburg. 
Stockholm. 
Christiana. 
Madrid. 

Lisbon. 

Rome. 

Athens. 

Constantinople. 

Bucharest. 

Belgrade. 

Paris. 

Berlin, 

The Hague. 
Brussels. 

Vienna. 

Berne. 

Copenhagen, 





13-4 


O-eogrr^pli.^- 


Seas and Gulfs and Islands Around and Near Europe. 

Seas. North Sea, east of the British Isles; Baltic Sea, 
north of German Empire; White Sea, north of Russia; 
Caspian Sea, southeast of Russia; Azov Sea, south of 
Russia; Black Sea, south of Russia; Adriatic Sea, east of 
Italy; Mediterranean Sea, south of Europe. 

Gulfs. Gulf of Riga, west of Russia; Gulf of Bothnia’ 
east of Sweden; Gulf of Venice, north of the Adriatic 
Sea; Gulf of Finland,'south of Finland (Russia). 

Islands, Faroe Islands, north of the British Isles; 
Shetland Islands, north of Scotland and belong to Scot¬ 
land; Kolguev Island, north of Russia and belongs to 
Russia; Cyprus, in the eastern part of the Mediterranean 
Sea and belongs to Great Britain; Crete, southeast of 
Greece and belongs to Turkey; Sicily, South of Italy and 
belongs to Italy; Sardinia, southwest of Italy and 
belongs to Italy; Corsica, west of Italy and belongs to 
France; Balearic Islands, east of Spain and belong to 
Spain. 


RIVERS of EUROPE. 

Onega, Dwina, and Petchora, in western Russia; 
Kama and Volga, in eastern Russia; Don and Dnieper 
in southern Russia; Vistula and Duna, in western Rus¬ 
sia; Oder and Rhine, in the German Empire; Seine, 
Loire, Garonne and Rhone, in France; Danube in 
southern Europe; Dotiro, Tagus, Guadiana and Guadal¬ 
quivir are found in Spain; Severn Trent, W 7 harf, and 
Hum bet are found in England; Shannon, Blackwater, 
and Suir are found in Ireland; Tay, Clyde and Nith 
rivers are in Scotland. 





O-ecgrrsupli^- 


135 


PRINCIPAL MOUNTAINS of EUROPE. 

Ural Mountains, between Europe and Asia; Caucasus 
Mountains, northeast of the Black Sea; Balkan Moun¬ 
tains, in Bulgaria; Carpathian Mountains,in the eastern 
part of the Austrian Empire; Appenines, in Italy; Pyre¬ 
nees, between France and Spain; Cantabrian, in Spain; 
Sierra Mountains, in southern Spain; the Alps Moun¬ 
tains are found in southwestern Europe. 


ASIA. 

Asia is larger than North and South America. It 
contains the highest mountains in the world, the great- 
est population and the greatest variety of races, lan¬ 
guages and religions. 

Asia has three Natural Divisions or Sections; 1st. 
The Great Northern Plain; 2nd. The Great Desert Cen¬ 
tral Region, containing Plateaus and Mountains; 3rd. 
And the South Peninsulas. 

Climate. The northern plains have long and severe 
winters and short summers. A part of central Asia has 
generally a temperate climate, while the southern 
peninsulas, the plateaus and desert of western Asia have 
a hot climate. 


POLITICAL DIVISIONS of ASIA. 

The Countries of Asia may be divided into three 
groups; 1st. The four native, independent nations; vi2., 
China, Japan, Persia and Siam. 2nd. Countries belong¬ 
ing to foreign powers; as, India, Burmah, and parts of 
Cochin China. 3rd. Districts; as, Arabia and Afghanis- 







133 


O-eogrra.pl 1 . 3 r. 


tan. The inhabitants of these districts have no respon¬ 
sible government. 


COUNTRIES and CAPITALS. 


Countries. 

Chinese Empire. 
Cochin China. 
Cambodia. 
Anam. 

Siam. 

Burmah 
British India. 
Beloochistan. 
Afghanistan. 
Persia. 

Turkey (Asia). 
Arabia. 


Capitals. 

Pekin. 

Saigon. 

Pnompeuh, 

Hue. 

Bankok. 

Mandelay. 

Calcutta. 

Kelat 

Cabul. 

Teheran. 

Constantinople. 


RIVERS of ASIA. 


The Obi, Yenisei and Lena Rivers are found in north¬ 
ern Asia. The Amur, Hoang-Ho, Yang-ste-Kiang, Choo- 
kiang and Mekong Rivers are all found in the eastern 
part of Asia. Ganges River, in northeastern British 
India; Indus River, in northwestern British India; 
Tarim River, in the western pert of the Chinese Empire; 
the Ishim and Irtish Rivers are southern tributaries of 
the Obi River; the Sihon River, in western Asia. 





Oe 0 grra.pli. 3 r. 


13*7 


MOUNTAINS of ASIA. 

Stanovoi Mountains, in northeastern Asia,; Yablonoi 
Mountains, in northeastern Asia; Altai Mountains, near 
central Asia, The Thian-Shan, Kuenlun, and Himalaya 
Mountains, found in the western part of the Chinese 
Empire; the Peling and Nanling Mountains, in the 
eastern part of the Chinese Empire; Vindhya Mountains, 
in northern British India; Elburz and Zacros Moun¬ 
tains, in Persia ; Taurus Mountains, in Turkey in Asia. 


Deserts of Asia. 

The Syrian, Akhaf and Dahria deserts are found in 
Arabia; Salt Desert, in Persia; Indian Desert, in north¬ 
western British India; Desert of Gobi, in China. 


Seas Bordering or Touching Asia. 

Kara Sea, north of Asia; the Okhotsk, Japan, Yellow, 
and East and South China Seas border Asia on the east; 
the Sea of Arabia, on the southwest; the Red, Mediter¬ 
ranean, Black and Caspian Seas, on the southwest. The 
The Aral Sea is an inland sea. 


Gulfs and Lakes. 

Gulfs. Gulf of Obi, northwest Asia; Gulf of Pechili, 
east China; Gulf of Tonquin, southeast China; Gulf of 
Siam, south Indo-China. The Martaban, Cambay, Cutch 
and Oman Gulfs are south of Asia; the Persian Gulf, 
between Arabia and Persia. 

Lakes The Balkash and Baikal Lakes are in the 






13© 


CS-eog'rstpli.^- 


Russian Empire of Asia; the Tengri and Lop Lakes are 
in southwestern China; Lake Zurrah, in eastern Persia. 


Islands off the Coast of Asia. 

Nova Zembla, northwest of Kara Sea; New Siberia, 
North of Asia; Wrangell, north of Asia; Sakai in, east of 
Siberia; Japan, northeast of China; Formosa, off the 
southeast coast of China; Hainan, southeast of China; 
Philippines, southeast of China; Borneo southeast of 
Asia; Sumatra, west of the Malay Peninsula; Andaman 
and Nicobar, southwest of Indo-China; Ceylon, southeast 
of British India; Socotra, southeast of Persia. 


• Africa. 

Africa is chiefly in the Torrid Zone and is the hot¬ 
test and driest of all the continents 
Africa has the largest deserts of the world. Its vegeta¬ 
tion is similar to that of South America. 

Strange and ferocious animals are found in Africa, 


Rivers. 

The Nile, Senegal, and Niger Rivers, in northern 
Africa. The Kongo, Zambesi, Orange and Limpopo 
Rivers, found in southern Africa. 


$ 




m 






Oe©g r rsiplx3r. 


13© 


GOUNTI^IKS pLND THEII^ 


Country. 

Morocco. 

Algeria. 

Tripoli 

Egypt. 

Abyssinia. 

Eritrea. 

Obok. 

Somali Land 
Italian Africa 
British East Africa. 
Zanzibar, 
Mozambique 
Lorenzo Marques, 
British South.Africa. 
Bechuana Land 
Orange Free State. 
Cape Colony. 

German S. W. Africa. 
Portugese W. Africa. 
Kongo State. 

French Kongo. 

N iger Territories. 
Dahomey, 

Tongo Land. 

Ashanti. 

Liberia. 


Capital. 

Morocco. 

Algiers. 

Tripoli. 

Cairo. 

Gondor, 

Massana. 


Mombasa. 
Zanzibar. 
Mozambique. 
Lorenzo Marques. 

Bloemfontein. 
Cape Town. 
Angra Pequena. 
St. Paul De Loanda. 

Bom a. 
Liberville. 
Asaba. 
Abomey. 

Akkra 

Monrovia. 



140 


0-eogrra.p3n.3T. 


Countries and their Capitals, Continued. 


Country. 

Sierra Leone. 
Gambia. 


Capital. 


Free Town. 
Bathurst. 


Madagascar, Island S. E. of Africa. Tananarivo. 


ISLANDS off the COAST of AFRICA. 

Socotra, east of Africa; Comorro and Madagascar, east 
of South Africa; St. Helena, west of South Africa and 
belongs to Great Britian; Ascension, west of South 
Africa and belongs to Great Britian; Cape Verd, west of 
North Africa and belongs to Portugal; Canary, west of 
North Africa and belongs to Spain; Maderia, west of 
North Africa and belongs to Portugal; Azores, north¬ 
west of Africa and belongs to Portugal. 


LAKES. 


Lake Chad, south of the Great Desert; Lake Rudolf, in 
eastern Africa. Lakes Victoria, Tanganyika, Bangwe- 
ola, Nvassa, Shirwa and Moeroe are found in southeast¬ 
ern Africa. 


PRINCIPAL MOUNTAINS. 


Kilimanjaro, Kenia and Rumenzore are all in central 
Africa. Generiffe is on the Canary Islands. The Atlas 
Mountains are in northern Africa. 







0-ecgrrap3a.y’. 


1-41 


CAPES. 

Capes Spartei and Bon, north Africa; Capes Guardafur 
and Delgado, east Africa; Cape of Good Hope, south 
Africa; Capes Frio, Lopez, Palmas, Verde and Blanco are 
the extreme western points of Africa. 


AUSTRALASIA. 

Australasia consists of Australia, Tasmania, New 
Zealand and the Figi Islands. The area of Australia is 
nearly the size of the United States. 

The Climate is generally dry and healthy. Aus¬ 
tralia ranks high among the other gold, tin and copper 
regions of the world. No other country equals Aus¬ 
tralia in the production of gold. 









% 






I 









4 






* 






I 









? 




















’ac yn -'T - - 



... 




















n 




















■ 





































■/ nJ*- 




































' 












. 




























- . 









































14kS 


Page 18, “Battle of Shiloh, a Confederate success,’* 
should read “Union success.*’ 

Page 45, “treagedy” for “tragedy.” 

Page 48, “Linch” for “Lynch.” 

Page, 48, Runel’s Administration should precede 
Lynch’s. 

Page 52, “Foote’s election a triumph over the Whig 
party” should read “a triumph of the Whig party.” 

Page 55, “forced Humphreys to give governor’s office” 
should read “to give up governor’s office,” 

Page 55, “The office of Superintendent of Public Edu¬ 
cation established in 1870” should read “established in 
1868.” 

Page 65, the word embraces, under “Articulation,” 
misspelled; “unbraces” should be “embraces.” 

Page 67, “Atymology” should be “Etymology.” 

Page 76, Under Emphasis by Time, “may by rendered” 
should read “may be rendered.” 







Page 79, “20 per cent off, is what per cent off” should 
read “20 per cent off is what per cent on?” 

Page 81, “The diagonal part” should read “diagonal 
path.” 

Page 91, “The brain is wrapped wiih” for “with.” 

Page 97, “duromater” for “duramater ” 

Page 102, at foot of page “properties” should read 
“properties.” 

Page 27, Back Salary Grab, should be defined. This 
was the term applied to raising the salary of all the 
naiional officers. Said salaries were finally lowered, 
except the president’s. 

Page 28. The Milan and Berlin Decrees should be 
defined and not used as a heading for acts and decisions. 
/ The Berlin Decree was a decree preventing any Amer¬ 
ican vessels from entering European ports The Milan 
Decree was that any vessel violating the Berlin Decree 
should be confiscated. These decrees were issued by 
Napoleon during Jefferson’s administration. 










; 
































_ 










4 - 


































- 






' 































. ■■* 















> 

* 
















• ft 


NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 









0.50 


2ST a/t-u.ra.1 !E»:h.il©s©plv3r. 




PHlLOSpPHY. 


INCLUDING CONDENSED DEFINITIONS AND 
RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS TREATED 
BY SAID SUBJECT. 


MATTER. 

Matter. Any thing - that occupies space is called 
matter. 

Moeecuees. The smallest particle that can be 
seen is made up of still smaller particles, called mol¬ 
ecules. 

Atoms. Molecules are made up of still smaller 
particles, called atoms. 

An atom is the smallest division of matter. 

Matter may be subject to two chang-es: Physical 
and Chemical chang-es. 





USTa.t-o.ra.1 DPli.ilosol toller. 


151 


PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL CHANGES. 

A Physical change is one that does not destroy the 
molecules and does not alter the specific properties 
of matter. 

A Chemical change is one that makes new mole¬ 
cules and destroys the specific property of matter. 


PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL FORCES. 

Physical force is that force which produces a 
physical change in matter. 

A Chemical force produces a chemical change in 
matter. 


PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. 

A Physical property is that which exists in a sub¬ 
stance without changing its structure. 

A Chemical property is that which determines the 
chemical change or the character of the chemical 
effect it may exert upon other substances. 

Matter has two properties: General and Specific. 


General Properties of Matter. 

The principal general properties of matter are: 
Divisibility, Indestructibility, Extension, Impenetra¬ 
bility, Porosity ann Inertia. 

Divisibility is that property which allows a body 
to be separated into parts. 

Indestructibility renders matter incapable of be¬ 
ing destroyed. 

Extension is the property of occupying space. 

Impenetrability prevents two bodies from occupy¬ 
ing the same space at the same time. 







152 


2STatural ZE 3 !h.ilosopih.3 7 ' 


Porosity is the’propertv of having- pores; all bodies 
are porous. 

Inertia is the neg-ative property of passiveness; 
no body can put itself into motion or stop itself after 
being- put in motion. 


Specific Properties. 

Some of the specific properties of matter are: Duc¬ 
tility, Malleability, Tenacity, Elasticity, Hardness 
and Brittleness. 

Ductility. A ductile body is one that can be drawn 
into wire. 

Malleability. A malleable body is one that can 
be rolled into sheets; as, g"old. 

Tenacity. A tenacious body is one which can not 
be easily pulled apart. 

Elasticity. An elastic body has a tendency to re¬ 
sume its original form when bent, or expanded. 

Hardness, One body is harder than another when 
it will indent it. 

Brittleness. A brittle body is one that is easily 
broken. 


Motion And Force. 

Motion is a chang-e of place. 

Force is that which produces or destroys motion. 
Velocity is the rate at which a body moves during 
a certain time. 


MOTION. 

The resistances to motion, are friction, air and 
water. 

Momentum equals the product of the mass by the 
velocity per second. 







2ST a/t-u.ra .1 1P!h.il ©sopliy 


153 


Three Laws to Motion. 

1st. A body set in motion will move in a straight 
line forever unless acted on by some external force. 

2nd. A force acting upon a body whether at rest 
or in motion, produces the same effect whether it acts 
alone, or with other forces. 

3rd. Action is equal to reaction but in a contrary 
direction. 

Resolution of force, consist in finding what two 
forces are equivolent to a given force. 

Two or more instantaneous forces acting on a body, 
it moves in a straight line, if one is instantaneous 
and the other continuous, it is a curved line. 


MOTION. 

Circular Motion, is produced by the centripetal 
force, of course two forces are identified in the cir¬ 
cular motion, viz: Centripetal, which pulls the body 
towards center of circle made, and the Centrifugal, 
which causes the moving body to have a tendency to 
flee from the center, while the Centripetal draws to¬ 
ward the center. 

Reflect Motion, is caused by the reaction of a 
sufrace against which an elastic body is cast. 

Energy is the power of doing work. There are two 
forms of energy: Actual energy (the energy of mo¬ 
tion), Potential energy, the energy of position. 


Molecular Forces. 

There arc two opposing forces which reside in mol 
ecules: Atractive and Repellent forces. 






1.S5-4 


1ST a, t-u. rad ^Ih-ilosopliiST* 


The Atractive force tends to hold the molecules to¬ 
gether, while the Repellent tends to hold them apart. 

There are three kinds of attractive forces, viz: Co¬ 
hesion, Adhesion and Chemical Affinity. 

Cohesion is that force, which holds molecules of the 
same kind together. 

MATTER exist in three states: Solid, Liquid and 
Gaseous. These depend on the relation of the at¬ 
tractive and repellent forces, cohesion and heat. 

If they are nearly balanced, the body is a liquid, if 
the attractive force is greater the body is solid, if the 
repellent is greater, it is gaseous. 


Adhesion. 

Adhesion is the force which holds together mole¬ 
cules of ditferent kinds. 

Capieeary attraction, is a variety of adhesion be¬ 
tween solids and liquids. 

Soeution. Sugar will desolve in water because 
the adhesion of the two substances is greater than 
the cohesion. Solution is the process of dissolving 
a solid into liquid. 

Diffusion of liquids is the process of mixing 
liquids, if the adhesive force exist between the mole¬ 
cules the liquids can be mixed. 

OSSINOSE OF eiquid, is the process of mixing liquids 
by means of placing between them a thin substance 
(bladder) the liquid in bladder will gradually become 
mixed; this is accomplished by the adhesive force. 


Attraction of Gravitation. 

Gravitation is the term for the attraction that 
exist between all bodies in the universe. 






HSTa,t-a.ra,l IFlxilosol iy!b. 3 r. 


155 


Gravity is the eath’s attraction f.or terrestial 
bodies. 

Weight is the measure of the force of gravity. 

IvAw of Gravitation, for every particle of matter 
in the universe attracts every other particle. The 
force exerted between any two particles, being - direct¬ 
ly proportional to the product of their masses, and 
inversely as the square of their distance apart. 

There are three laws of weight: 

1st: The weight of a body at earth,s center is 

nothing. 

2nd. The weight of a body above the surface of 
the earth decreases as the square of the distance from 
earth’s center increases. 

3rd. The weight of a body, varies on different 
portions of the surface of the earth. 


FALLING BODIES. 

Failing Bodies. The attraction of the earth, is 
toward its center; all falling bodies fall in that direc¬ 
tion. 

There are four laws to falling bodies: 

1st. Under the influence of gravity alone, all bodies 
fall with equal rapidity. 

2nd. In the first second, a body gains a velocity of 
32 feet, and falls 16 feet. 

3rd. At the end of any given second, the velocity 
is 16 feet, multiplied by twice the number of the 
second, and the distance passed through during that 
second equal 16 feet multiplied by twice the number 
of second less one. 

4th. In any number of seconds a body falls 16 feet 
multiplied by the square of the number of seconds. 






15© 


2STa/t-a.ra,l ZEPli.Ilosopii.'V’' 


The first second of velocity of a rising - ball or a 
ball thrown upwards, is equal to the velocity of the 
last second of the falling body or ball. 


GRAVITY. 

The center of gravity, is that point in a body, if 
supported by said body will balance itself. 

There are three states of equilibrium: 

1st. Stable equilibrium, when the point of support 
is above the center of gravity. 

2nd. Unstable, when the point of support is below 
the center of gravity. 

3rd. Indifferent equilibrium, when point of sup¬ 
port is at the center of gravity. 


PENDULUM. 

The Pendulum consists of a weight so suspended, 
as to swing freely. Its movements to and fro are 
called vibrations. 

The Arc is the path through which it moves. 

The Amplitude is equal to the extent, to which the 
pendulum goes in either direction. 

Isochronous is equal to vibrations performed at 
equal times. 

There are three laws to the pendulum: 

1st. In the same pendulum, all vibrations of small 
amplitude are Isochroneous. 

2nd. The times of the vibrations of different pen¬ 
dulums, are proportional to the square root of their 
respective lengths. 





USTa.t'u.raT 3Pih.il osopih.;^ 


157 


3rd. The time of the virbration of same pendulum 
will vary at different places. 

The Simple Machines, are the elements to which 
all machinery can be reduced. There are six elemen¬ 
tary forms to the simple machine, viz: The lever ? 
wheel and axle, the inclined plane, the screw, the 
wedge and the pulley. 

The law of machanics, is, the power multiplied 
by the distance through which it moves, is equal to 
weight multiplied by distance through which it 
moves. 

The Lever, is a bar turning on a pivot, the force is 
termed the power and the object-tobe lifted, equals to 
the weight, and the pivot on which the lever turns is 
called the fulcrum. 


ELEMENTS of MACHINES. 

There are three classes of levers: 

1st. The lever of the first class. 

The fulcrum is between weight and power. 

2nd. The lever of second class. 

The weight is between the power and fulcrum. 

3rd. The lever of the third class. 

The p wer is between the weight and fulcrum. 


LAWS of EQUILIBRIUM. 

The power : weight : : weights distance : power’s 
distance. 

The wheel and axle is a kind of a perpetual lever, 
power x by circumference of the wheel === weight x by 
circumference of the axle. 








TT ett-o.ra.1 IEPlxilo.oopl 1 . 3 r 


P : W : : radius of axle : radius of the wheel. 

The Inclined Plane, is a'plane inclined to the ver¬ 
tical height; The P x by length of inclined plane =■ 
W x height of inclined plane. P : W : : height of 
inclined plane : length of inclined plane. 

The Screw consists of an inclined plane, wound 
around a cylinder; the former being called the thread 
and the latter the body; it works in a nut. 

The power, being applied at the lever, put in and 
action forms a circle. 

Power x circumference of circle W x interval 
between the threads, 

P : W : : interval : circumference. 

The Wedge consist generally of two inclined planes, 
placed back to back. 

P : W : ; thickness of wedge ; length of wedge. 

The Pulley consists of a wheel within the grooved 
edge of which runs a cord. There are two kinds of 
pulleys: fixed and movable pulleys. 


Law of Equilibrium of Movable Pulley. 

/ 

When a continuous rope is used, let N represent the 
number of seperate parts of the cord, which sustain 
the movable block. 


P * ^ 

aa. 

When the number of movable and fixed pulleys is 
equal, in general, W-Px twice the number of mov¬ 
able pulleys. 




1 ST a.t-u.ra.1 IF’Ih.ilosol 


159 


“HYDROSTATICS” 

Hydrostatics, treats of liquids at rest; water is 
taken as the type or standard. 

Liquids, transmit pressure equally in all directions. 

Water may be used as a mechanical power. 

Water, is used in the hydraulic press. 

The P x Pd. = W x Wd. 

The lower part of a vessel of water, must bear the 
weight of the upper. 

There are four laws of equilbrium to liquids: 

1st. Liquids at rest press downwards, upward and 
side-wise with the same force. 

2nd. The pressure increases with the depth. 

3rd. The pressure does not depend on the shape or 
size of a vessel. 

4th. Water seeks its level. 


Rules For Computing Pressure. 

1st. To find the pressure on the bottom of a vessel, 
multiply the area of the base by the perpendicular 
height and that product by the weight of a cubic foot 
of the liquid or water. 

2nd.- To find the pressure on the side of a vessel, 
multiply the area of the side by y 2 of the perpendic¬ 
ular height. 

Specific gravity, is the weight of a substance 
compared with that of the same bulk of another sub¬ 
stance; it shows the relative density of a body. 

Water, is taken as a standard for solids and 
liquids, and Air for gases. 





ieo 


ILTa/t-u-ral nh.ilosopi1.3r. 


HYDROSTATICS. 

Bouyant force of liquids. The upward pressure 
of water, which causes a body to float, is call the 
bouyant force of water. It is equal to the weight of 
the liquid displaced. 

To find the specific gravity of a solid—Weigh the 
body in air, and in water; the difference is the weight 
of its volume of water, divide its weight in air by its 
loss of weight in water, the quotient is the specific 
gravity. 

To find the specific gravity of a liquid by the speci¬ 
fic gravity flask—If the flask holds 1,000 grains of 
water and it would hold 1950 grains of sulphuric acid, 
the specific gravity is 1.95. 

To find the weight of a given volume of any sub¬ 
stance—Multiply the weight of one cubic foot of 
water by the specific gravity of the substance and 
that product by the number of cubic feet in the body. 

To find the volume of a given weight of any sub¬ 
stance—Multiply the weight of a cubic foot of water 
by the specific gravity of the substance, and divide 
the given weight by that product. 


’’HYDRAULICS”. 

Hydraulics, treats of liquids in motion, water 
taken as the type. 

Rules concerning a Jet. 

1st. The velocity of a jet, is the same as that of a 
body falling from the surface of the water. 

2nd. To find the velocity of a jet of water. 

Velocity = v 2 x 32 x depth of water above orifce. 







n.ei 


3^Ta.t-a.ra,l lEPikLilosoplij/ . 

HYDRQSTATCS, Continued. 

3r. To find the quantity of water discharged in a 
given time—Multiply the area of the orifice by the 
velocity of the water, and that product by the num¬ 
ber of seconds. 

Flow of water in rivers—a fall of three inches per 
mile, is sufficient to give motion to water. 

Water Wheels, are machines for using the force 
of falling water. 

There are four kinds of wheels, viz: Overshot, 
Undershot, Breast and Turbine wheels. 

Waves, are produced by the friction of wind against 
the surface of water. 


“PNEUMATICS”. 

Pneumatics, treats of the general properties and 
pressure of gasses. 

The Aik Pump consists of a glass receiver standing 
on an oiled plate, also a tube connecting the receiver 
with a cylinder; this tube has two valves, one opening 
into the receiver and the other valve opens into the 
cylinder, a piston works in the cylinder. The piston 
has an escape valve by which the receiver may be 
made a vacuum. 

The Condenser in construction, is just the reverse 
to the air pump. 


Properties of Air. 

Air has the property of weight, elasticity and 
expansibility. 

Air* has the upward, sidwise and downward pres¬ 


sure. 






162 


2ST" a/tuLra.1 lEPtLilosopl^sr. 


Buoyant force of air, smoke, and other light sub¬ 
stances float in air because they are btioyed up by the 
buoyant force of air. 

The Pressure of the air sustains a coluhin of mer¬ 
cury 30 inches high, of water 34 feet high, and 15 lbs 
per square inch. 

The pressure of the air varies at different places, 
its pressure is greater in the valleys than on hills. 

Barometer, is an instrument used for measuring 
the pressure of air. 

The Mercurial barometer, consists of a glass 
tube with a cup of mercury at bottom, also a graduated 
scale. This mercury rises and falls owing "to the 
pressure, it is used to indicate the weather; as, air 
pressure is greater when air is full of moist. It is 
also used to measure the heights of mountains. 

The Aneroid Barometer, is a thin metal box 
from which the air is partly exhausted and it is 
then made air tight, the top of the box is pressed 
down more or less according to variation of the pres¬ 
sure of the atmosphere. 

The Metae Box contains levers, and on the face 
or front of box is a graduated scale; by the pressure 
of air the levers are made to move, thus causing the 
hand to move upon the graduated scale of the face of 
box, and show the degree or amount of pressure of 
the air. 


PUMPS. 

Pumps, work upon the principle of air pressure. 

1st. The lifting pump contains a large cylinder, a 
piston which works in cylinder, and a suction pipe, 
it also contains two valves opening upwards; one 
opens upwards at the top of suction pipe, the other 




UST"atural IP:h.il©s©l 


163 


opens at top of cylinder, on rising*, piston valve at suc¬ 
tion pipe rises and lets water in cylinder when cylin¬ 
der is pressed downward, the water passes 
above piston by way of valve in pistQn, it then makes 
its way or is forced out the escape pipe near top of 
cylinder. 

The Force Pump, has no valve in the piston, the 
water rises above the lower valve, as in the 
lifting* pump. When the piston desends the water 
opens a valve at bottom and to one side of cylinder, 
which forces water through an escape pipe. 

The Fire Engine, consists of two force pumps, and 
an air chamber; the water is driven into chamber by 
the piston; then the expansive force of the air throws 
the water out in a steady stream. 

The Siphon, is a U shaped tube having one arm 
shorter than the other, insert short arm in water, 
exaust air from tube, the pressure on surface of the 
water will cause the water to run out until the end of 
short arm is uncovered. 

The Hydrauuic Ram, is a machine for raising 
water where there is a slight fall. It contains a long 
pipe through which water enters and passes to a res¬ 
ervoir, here the water is shocked and driven back and 
by the way of a valve enters an air chamber, the 
shock, by the steady inflow of the water through the 
entrance pipe, causes shocks to be perpetual in the 
reservoir, thus rushing the water into the air cham¬ 
ber. The elastic force of the air in the air receiver, 
(chamber) drives the water through the escape pipe. 

Atomizer, is an instrument used to turn water into 
spray. 

TH6 hight of atmosphere, is variously stated at 
from 50 to 500 miles. 



i.e-4 


ISTa/t-u.ra.1 IlPli.il©s©pIfa.-$7'. 


Sound is a vibration of some sonorous body. 

—“Houston”. 

Each vibration of a sounding body produces a 
sound-wave of air—these rush forward containing one 
condensation and one rarefaction, these waves rush 
forward untilt hey reach the ear of the listener. 

In a Vacuum —air is essential to sound. Place a 
bell in a vacuum, set it in motion or ring the bell, no 
noise can be heard. 

The Velocity of sound—depends on the ratio of the 
elasticity to the density. 

Sound travels through air (at 32° F.) 1,090 feet per 
second. 

Sound travels through water about 4,700 feet per 
second. 

Sound travels through solids faster than through 
air. 

The intensity of sound diminishes as the square of 
the distance increases. 

Different sounds travel with the same velocity. 

Refraction of Sound. When a sound wave goes 
obliquely from one medium to another it is ben*t out 
of its course. These waves may be collected into a 
funnel and sound may be distinctly heard by placing 
ear at small end of funnel. 

Reflection of Sound. Sound may be reflected when 
a sound wave strikes against the surface of another 
medium ,a portion goes on while the rest is reflected. 

The Daw of Sound reflection, is the same as that 
of reflected motion, i. e., the angle of incidence is 



IbTeit-u.ra,i ZEPlxilos© 


165 


SOUNDS, Continued. 

equal to that of reflection. Musical sounds, between 
irregular and regular intervals. If the puffs of a loco¬ 
motive could reach 50 or 60 vibrations a second-, the 
sound would be musical. 

Pitch depends on the rapidity of the vibrations. 

A Siren is an instrument used for determining the 
number of waves in a sound. The Siren consists of a 
cylindrical box, a pipe for admitting air, a plate pierced 
with four series of holes, containing eight, ten, twelve and 
sixteen orifices. The Siren also contains a dial plate 
which enables one to read the number of waves. 

A Sonometer is an instrument used to investigate 
the laws which govern the vibrations of a vibrating 
cord. 

There are Three Laws which govern the vibrating 
cord: 1st. The number of vibrations per second 
increases as the length of the cord decreases. 2nd. 'The 
number of vibrations per second increases as the square 
root of the tension. 3rd. The number of vibrations per 
second decreases as the square root of the weight of the 
cord increases. 

Wind Instruments produce musical sounds by 
enclosed columns of air. 

The Phonograph is an instrument for recording the 
sound vibrations, It consists of: 1st. A 11 outer tube for 
receiving the voice vibrations; 2nd. At the bottom of 
this, a thin piate which vibrates in unison with the 
voice; 3d. At the back of the membrane or thin plate 
a lever whi.-h is moved by these vibrations; at the end of 
the lever, a sharp point which traces on a sheet of tin- 
foil marks corresponding to these vibrations; and 5th. 
a cylinder wound with a sheet of the foil and made by 
clock-work to revolve slowly under the pen-point. 



:l©© 


UST att-u.ra.1 Z^iLilosopli.^ 


Range of the Ear— The highest limit of musical 
sounds is 38,000 vibrations per second. The lowest limit 
is 16 vibrations per second 


LIGHT. 

A Luminous Body is one that emits light. 

A Medium is any substance through which light 
passes. 

A Transparent Body is one that obstructs light so 
little that we can see objects through it. 

A Translucent Body is one that lets some light 
through but not enough to render objects visible 
through it. 

An Opaque Body is one that does not transmit light. 

A Ray of Light is a single line of light. 

A Pencil of Light is a collection of rays. 

Visual Angle.- The visual angle is the angle formed 
at the eye by rays coming from the extremities of an 
object. 

Laws of Light.—(1) Light passes off from a luminous 
body equally in -every direction. (2) Light travels 
through a uniform medium in straight lines. (3) The 
intensity of light decreases as the square of the distance 
increases 

The Velocity of light is about 186,000 miles per sec¬ 
ond. 

Light, falling on a surface, is divided into two por¬ 
tions; one enteis, the other is reflected. The angle of 
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. 

Mirrors,—A ll highly reflect* d surfaces are mirrors. 
There are three kinds: Plane, Concave and Convex. 

Plane Mirrors.— An image seen in a plane mirror is 
erect and of the same size as the object. 




2 ST a.t'u.ra-l IFiLilosopii.^ 


U&7 


A Concave Mirror tends to collect the rays of light, 
and images seen seetn to be larger than life. 

A Convex Mirror tends to scatter the rays of light. 
The image seen by the use of the convex mirror is 
virtual and erect but smaller than life. 


REFRACTION of LIGHT. 

When a ray of light passes obliquely from one medium 
to another of different density, it is refracted or bent 
out of its course. 

Laws of Refraction.—(1). In passing into a rarer 
medium, the ray is bent from the perpendicular. (2). 
in passing into a denser medium, the ray is bent toward 
the perpendicular. 

Lenses A lens is a transparent body with at least 
one curved surface. There are two general classes of 
lenses. Concave and Convex. 

The Double Convex lens has two convex surfaces. 
Its action on light is like that of a concave mirror. 

The image formed by a convex lens is like that 
formed by a concave mirror. 

S he Double Concave lens has two surfaces. Its action 
on light is like that formed by a convex mirror. 

The image formed by a concave, lens, like that of a 
convex mirror, is virtual, erect and diminished in size. 


ABBERRATION. 

Rays passing through a lens near the edge are 
brought to a focus sooner than those near the center. 
This cause. 1 the border of the image to be clear while 
the center is not. This is spherical abberration The 







nes 


3ST a.t-u.ra-1 DPiLilosopihL^r. 


different compose white light; it is called chromatic 
aberration. 

The Solar Spectrum contains seven primary colors: 
Violet, Indigo Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red. 

Three Classes of Rays exist in the Solar Spectrum; 
viz, Heat Rays, Luminous Rays and the Chemical Rays. 

There are three kinds of Spectra; viz, Continuous, 
Non-Continuous and Crossed Spectra . 

The Spectroscope is an instrument used for examin¬ 
ing spectra. 

The Rainbow is formed by the refraction and reflec¬ 
tion of the sunbeams in drops of falling water. 

Complementary Colors.— Two colors, which by their 
mixture produce white, are termed complementary to 
each other. 

Color. —Whenever a body absorbs all th ■ colors 
except blue, but reflects that to the eye, we call the body 
blue. So it is with the other colored bodies except 
white and black. When a body absorbs all the colors 
and reflects none, it is black. If the substance reflects 
all the colors, it is white. 

The Microscope is an instrument used to see small 
things. There are two kinds, Simple and Compound. 
The Simple consists of one or more convex lenses 
through which the object may be seen directly. The 
Compound contains a simple magnifier for viewing the 
image of an object produced by a second lens. 

Telescopes are used to see objects afar. There are 
two kinds, Reflecting and Refracting. The Reflecting 
contains a large metallic mirror, which reflects the rays 
to a focus. The Refracting contains an eye-piece. 

The Opera-glass contains an object-glass and an eye¬ 
piece. The eye-piece is a double concave lens. This 
increases the visual angle, used to see objects. 



3ST a.tna.ra.1 KkiUoso 


169 


The Stereoscope contains portions of two convex 
lenses. 

The Camera is an instrument used by photographers 
and contains a double-convex lens. 


HEAT. 

Luminous Heat is that which radiates from a lumi¬ 
nous body. 

Obscure Heat is that from a non-luminous source. 

Relation between Light and Heat.—L ight, like heat 
may be reflected, refracted and polarized, 

Theory of Heat - Heat is motion. The molecules of 
a solid are in constant vibration. When we increase 
the rapidity of this oscillation, we heat the body; when 
we decrease it, we cool the body. 

The Sources of Heat are the sun, stars and mechan¬ 
ical and chemical forces. 

Mechanical Equivalent of Heat (Law).—A pound- 
weight, falling 772 feet, will generate enough heat to 
raise the temperature of one pound of water 1 0 . 

Heat causes a body to expand and the heat-forces 
urge the molecules into longer vibrations, thus increas¬ 
ing the size. 

There are two principal kinds of Thermometers: 
1st. The Centigrade, principally used in France. It is 
used by scientific people everywhere. The freezing 
point is 0 C and the boiling point is 100°. The space 
between is divided into 100 equal divisions. 2nd. The 
Fahrenheit Thermometer. This thermometer is used in 
the Ui.ifled States and in England. The freezing point 
is 32* and the boiling point 212° and the space 
between is divided into 180 equal divisions. 






170 


IbTatural IF’lxIlosoplx;^ 


Unit of Heat— The unit adopted is the amount of 
heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of 
water at 32 ° through one degree. 

Specific Heat.— The specific heat of a substance is 
the amount of heat necessary to raise one pound of it 
through one degree, The specific heat of water being 
1 °. 

Vaporization—W hen heat is applied to a liquid, the 
temperature rises until the boiling point is reached 
when it stops, and the liquid is changed to vapor at the 
constant temperature. 

The Boiling-Point of liquids depends on three 
circumstances: 1st. Purity of the water. 2nd. Nature 
of the vessel. 3rd. Pressure upon the surface. 

Evaporation is a slow formation of vapor, which 
takes place at ordinary temperatures. 


COMMUNICATION of HEAT. 

Heat tends to diffuse itself equally among surround¬ 
ing bodies. There are three modes of distribution: 

Conduction is the process of heating by the passage 
of heat from molecule to molecule. 

Convection is the process of heating by circulation- 

Radiation is the transmission of heat-rays in 
straight lines. 



ELECTRICITY. 

The energy of electricity manifests itself in several 







171 


ItSTatural E=»liilosopliy. 


different forms: Magnetic, Frictional, Voltaic, Thermal 
and Animal Electricity. 


MAGNETIC ELECTRICITY. 

A Magnet is an ore of iron called loadstone. 

The Artificial Magnets are the Bar magnet and the 
Horseshoe magnet 

In each magnet there are two poles, a north and south 
pole. 

The like poles repel and the unlike poles attract. 

Induction is the power a magnet has to develop mag¬ 
netism in iron. 

The Compass is a magnetic needle used by mariners 
or surveyors. It is delicately poised over a card which 
contains the points of the different directions. The 
needle points north and south because the earth is a 
great magnet. 

All iron bars, fences lightning rods, etc., possess mag¬ 
netic electricity. 


FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 

Frictional Electricity is caused by friction. 

The Electroscope is an instrument for detecting the 
presence of electricity, 

A Conductor is a body which allows the electrilc force 
to pass through it freely. 

A Non-Conductor is a body which does not allow elec¬ 
tric j$v to pass through i* freely. 

The Leyden Jar consists of a glass jar coated inside 






IT'S 


3STa,t-u.rstl DPliilosopliy. 


and outside nearly to the top, with tinfoil. It is fitted 
at the top with a cover of baked wood, through which 
passes a wire with a nob at the top and below a chain 
extending to the inner coating. The jar is charged 
by bringing the nob near the prime conductor of the 
electric machine. 

Velocity of Electricity —The duration, of the flash has 
been estimated at one millionth of a second. 


VOLTAIC ELECTRICITY. 

Voltaic Electricity is the current electricity and 
and contains the Electrical Potential, the property by 
which electricity tends to go from one body to another. 

A Battery consists of several voltaic pairs, combined 
so as to increase the strength and steadiness of the elec¬ 
tric current. 

Smee’s Battery is made up of voltaic cells and each 
cell consists of two plates of zinc and one of silver sus¬ 
pended between them. They are clamped with screws 
and hung in a glass jar filled with dilute sulphuric 
acid. 

Groves’ Battery is a two fluid battery: The outer cup 
contains dilute sulphuric acid in which is placed a hol¬ 
low zinc cylinder with a slit at the side to allow a free 
circulation of the liquid, The inner cup is of porous 
earthenware and is filled with strong nitric acid in 
which is suspended a thin strip of platinum. 

Bunsen’s Battery differs from Grove’s Battery by sub¬ 
stituting a carbon rod for the platinum strip in the 
inner cup. 

Daniel’s Constant Battery has an outer copper cup 
holding a solution of blue vitriol and an inner porus 
cup containing a zinc rod and dilute sulphuric acid. 




1/73 


2ST a/t'u.rad IPli/Llos© 

Frictional Electricity is sudden, noisy and convul¬ 
sive; Voltaic is powerful, constant and silent. 

Electrolysis is the process of the decomposition of 
compound bodies by the voltaic current. 

Electrotyping is the process of depositing metal9 
from their solution by electricity. 

Electroplating is the process of coating with gold 
or silver by electricity 


Some of the Laws of Natural Philosophy, Illustrated 
by Example. 

Laws of Falling Bodies.— To find the velocity of a 
falling body at the end of any second, multiply 16 feet 
by twice the number of seconds. 

Ex.—If a body was falling three seconds, find the 
velocity at the end of the third second 16x3x2=96 
feet—Velocity. 

To find the distance passed through during any sec¬ 
ond, multiply 16 feet by twice the number of the sec¬ 
onds less one. 

Ex Find the distance a body falls the third second. 
16 x (3 x 2—1) = 80 feet, distance the body fell the third 
second. 

To find the total distance a body falls during any 
number of seconds, multiply 16 feet by the square of the 
number of seconds. 

Ex.—Find the distance a body falls during three 

seconds 16 x3 2 144 feet, Ans, 

T6' find the Specific Gravity of a body, divide its 
weight in air by its loss of weight in water. 





1S7^ IbTat-u.ral ^liiloscpiL-y. 

Ex.—If a piece of copper weighs 1100 grams in air 
and 975 grams in water, find its specific gravity 

1,100—975=125 and 1,100 ■=- 125= 8-^ times heavier 
than water. 

To find the specific gravity of a solid lighter than 
water, divide its weight by its weight added to what it 
buoys up, a heavy solid previously weighed in water. 

Ex—If a cork, which weighs 10 grains, be fastened to 
a screw which weighs 350 grains, they will weigh 360 
grains The screw weighs in water 300 grains. The 
screw and cork weigh in water 270 grains. Find the 
specific gravity of the cork 300—270 = 30 and 30 plus 
10 = 40. 10 * 40 — % or .25, the specific gravity of 
the cork. 


RULES CONCERNING JETS. 

To find the velocity of a jet of water, extract trie 
square root of 32 x 2 x dept h of the water above the 
orifice. 

Ex.—The dentil of the water above the orifice is 64 
feet, find the velocity, v'32x2x64 - 64 feet. 

I o find the quantity of water discharged in a given 
time: Multiply the area of the orifice by the velocity of 
the water and then by the number of seconds. 

Ex.—What quantity of water can be discharged in 
five seconds from an orifice containing an area of % 
square foot and at a depth of 16 feet. 

Velocity = \ T 2 x 32 X 16 — 32. 32 x % x 5 = 40 

cubic feet of water. 






175 


^tuial ZE =, liilosopii.- > y 
LAWS or RULES Continued. 


To find the weight of a body above the surface of the 
earth: Multiply the square of the distance of the 
earth’s surface from the center by the weight of the 
body at the surface and divide the product by the square 
root of the distance from the earth’s center when the body 
is carried to a certain height. 

Ex. -A body at the surface of the earth (4,000 miles 
from the center) weighs 100 pounds, find the weight of 
the body if carried 1,000 miles above the surface or 
5,000 miles from the center of the earth. 

4,000^ x 100 *- 5,000^ = 64 pounds, the weight 
when carried 100 miles from the surface. 

To find out how much hotter one body is than another 
wlmh two bodies are placed at unequal distances from 
a file or some other source of heat: 

Rule. -The intensity of heat decreases as the square 
of tlie distance from the heating source increases 

Ex.—How much hotter is a body, which is placed 2 
feet from a fire, than one placed 8 feet. 

2 2 : 8 2 : : 1 : 1 4 :64 : : 1 : 1 = 

64 X 2 

16 times hotter ( -—- r xz 16) 

4x1 

This law is applicable to light and sound. 

To find the arms of a lever or the distance, weight and 
power is from fulcrum, when weight, power and length 
of the lever are given, 

Ex. If the power at one end of a lever of the first 
class is 50 pounds and the weight is 250 pounds, how far 






il'z© 


USTaot-o-rscl ^iLilosopii.^ 


from each end of the lever must the fulcrum be placed, 
if the lever is 24 feet long. 

250 — 50 —5. Arm of power is 5 times the 
arm of weight 1. plus 5=6. 

-- of 24 x 5 = 20 feet distance of fulcrum from power. 

6 * 

1. of 24 x 1 = 4 feet distance of fulcrum from weight. 

6 

Thus Power multiplied by its distance from fulcrum 
equals weight multiplied by its distaifce from fulcrum. 





THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



preamble. 


We, the people of the United States, in order to 
form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure 
domestic tranquility, provide for the common 
defense, promote the general welfare and secure the 
blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, 
do ordain and establish this Constitution of the 
United States of America. 

ARTICLE I. 

Section 1 . All legislative powers herein granted 
shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, 
which shall consist of a Senate and House of Repre¬ 
sentatives. 

Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be 
composed of members chosen every second year by 
the people of the several states, and the electors in 
each state shall have the qualifications requisite for 
the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 

No person shall be a representative, who shall not 
have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and 



[2] 


been seven years a citizen of the United States, and 
who shall not when elected, be an inhabitant of that 
state in which he shall be chosen. 

Representatives and direct taxes shall be appor¬ 
tioned among- the several states which may be 
included within this union, according to their 
respective numbers, which shall be determined by 
adding to the whole number of free persons, includ¬ 
ing those bound to service for a term of years, and 
excluding- Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other 
persons. The actual enumeration shall be made 
within three years after the first meeting of the Con¬ 
gress of the United States, and within every subse¬ 
quent term of ten years, in such manner as they 
shall by law direct. The number of representatives 
shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but 
each state shall have at least one representative; and 
until such enumeration shall be made, the state of 
New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, 
Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence 
plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, 
New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, 
Maryland six, Virginia ten. North Carolina five, 
South Carolina five, and Georgia three. When 
vacancies happen in the representation from any 
state, the executive authority thereof shall issue 
writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

The House of Repres entatives shall choose their 
speaker and other officers: and shall have the sole 
power of impeachment. 

Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be 
composed of two senators from each state, chosen by 
the legislature thereof for six years, and each sena¬ 
tor shall have one vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in 
consequence of the first election they shall be divided 



as equally as may be into three classes. The seats 
of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at 
the expiration of the second year; of the second class 
at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third 
class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one 
third may be chosen every second year; and if vacan¬ 
cies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the 
recess of the Legislature of any state, the executive 
thereof may make temporary appointments until the 
next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then 
fill such vacancies. 

No person shall be a senator who shall not have 
attained to the age of thirty years and been nine 
years a citizen of the United States, and who shall 
not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for 
which he shall be chosen. 

The vice-president of the United States shall be 
president of the Senate, but shall have no, vote 
unless they be equally divided. 

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and 
also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the 
vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of 
president of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all 
impeachments. When sitting for that purpose they 
shall be on oath or affirmation. 

When the president of the United States is tried, 
the chief justice shall preside, and no person shall be 
convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of 
the members present. Judgment in cases of 
impeachment shall not extend further than to 
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and 
enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the 
United States, but the party convicted shall, never¬ 
theless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, 
judgment and punishment, according to law. 




Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding- 
elections for senators and representatives shall be 
prescribed in each state by the Legislature thereof, 
but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or 
alter such regulations, except as to the places of 
choosing senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every 
year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday 
in December, unless they shall by law appoint a dif¬ 
ferent day. 

Sec. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elec¬ 
tions, returns and qualifications of its own members, 
and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to 
do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from 
day to day, and may be authorized to compel the 
attendance of absent members, in such manner and 
under such penalties as each House may provide. 

Each House may determine the rules of its proceed¬ 
ings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, 
and with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a 
member. Each House shall keep a journal of its 
proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, 
excepting such parts as may in their judgment 
require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the mem¬ 
bers of either House on any question shall, at the 
desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the 
journal. 

Neither House during the session of Congress 
shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for 
more than three days* nor to any other place than 
that in which the two Houses sh ill be sitting. 

Sec. 6. The senators and representatives shall 
receive a compensation for their services, to be 
ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of 
the United States. They shall, in all cases except 
treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privi- 





[5] 


leged from arrest during their attendance at the ses¬ 
sion of their respective Houses, and in going to and 
returning from the same; and for any speech or 
debate in either Hou.se, they shall not be questioned 
in any other place. 

No senator or representative shall, during the time 
for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil 
office under the authority of the United States, 
which shall have been created, or the emoluments 
whereof shall have been increased during such time; 
and no person holding any office under the United 
States, shall be a member of either House during his 
continuance in office. 

Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall origi¬ 
nate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate 
may propose or concur with amendments, as on 
other bills. Every bill which shall have passed the 
House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, 
before it becomes a law, be presented to the presi¬ 
dent of the United States. If he approve, he shall 
sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objec¬ 
tions to that House in which it shall have originated, 
who shali enter the objections at large on their jour¬ 
nal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such 
reconsideration, two thirds of that House shall agree 
to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the 
objections, to the other House, by which it shall 
likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two 
thirds-of that house, it shall become a law. But in 
all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be 
determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the 
persons voting for and against the bill shall be 
entered on the journal of each House respectively. 
If any bill shall not be returned by the President 
with'in ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall 
have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, 



_[ 6 ]__. 

in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the 
Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, 
in which case it shall not be a law. 

Every order, resolution or vote to which the 
concurrence of the Senate and House of Representa¬ 
tives may be necessary (except on a question of 
adjournment) shall be presented to the President 
of the United States; and before the same shall take 
effect, shall be approved by him, or being disap¬ 
proved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the 
Senate and House of Representatives, according to 
the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a 
bill, 

Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and 
collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the 
debts and provide for the common defense and 
general welfare of the United States; but all duties, 
imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the 
United States; 

To borrow money on the credit of the United 
States; 

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and 
among the several states, and with the Indian tribes; 

To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and 
uniform laws o n the subject of bankruptcies 
throughout the United States; 

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of 
foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and 
measures; 

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting 
the securities and current coin of the United States; 

To establish post-offices and post roads; 

To promote the progress of science and useful 
arts, by securing for limited times to authors and 
inventors, the exclusive right to their respective 
writings and discoveries; 




To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme 
court. 

To define and punish piracies and felonies com¬ 
mitted on the high seas, and offenses against the 
law of nations; 

To declare war, grant letters of marque and 
reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on 
land and water; 

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation 
of money to that use shall be for a longer term than 
two years; 

To provide and maintain a navy; 

To make rules for the government and regulation 
of the land and naval forces; 

To provide for calling forth the militia, to execute 
the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and 
repel invasions; 

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplin¬ 
ing the militia, and for governing such part of them 
as may be employed in the service of the United 
States, reserving to the states respectively the 
appointment of the officers, and the authority of 
training the militia, according to the discipline 
prescribed by Congress"; 

To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases what¬ 
soever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles 
square) as may, by cession of particular states, and 
the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the 
Government of the United States, and to exercise 
like au.hority over all plates purchased by tic 
consent of the legislature of the state in "’hich the 
same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, 
arsenals, dockyards and other needful buildings, 

And to make all laws which shall be necessary and 
proper for carrying into execution the foregoing 
powers, and all other powers vested by this constitu- 



[8] 


tion, in the government of the United States, or in 
any department, or office thereof. 

Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such 
persons as any of the states now existing shall think 
proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Con¬ 
gress, prior to the year one thousand eight hundred 
and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such 
importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each per¬ 
son. 

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, shall 
not be suspended, unless where in cases of rebellion 
or invasion the public safety may require it. 

No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be 
passed. 

No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid 
unless in proportion to the census or enumeration 
herein before directed to be taken. 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported 
from any state. 

No preference shall be given by any regulation of 
commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over 
those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from 
one state be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in 
another. 

No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but 
in consequence of appropriations made by law, 
and a regular statement and account of the receipts 
and expenditures of all public money shall be pub¬ 
lished from time to time. 

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United 
States; and no person holding any office of profit or 
trust under them, shall, without the consent of the 
Congress accept of any present, emolument, office or 
title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, 
or foreign state. 

Sec. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, 




[9] 


alliance or confederation, grant letters of marque 
and reprisal, coin money, emit bills of credit, make 
anything- but gold and silver coin a tender in pay¬ 
ment of debts, pass any bill of attainder, ex post 
facto law, or law impairing- the oblig-ation of con¬ 
tracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

No state shall, without the consent of the Con¬ 
gress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or 
exports, except what may be absolutely necessary 
for executing- its inspection laws; and the net 
produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state 
on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the 
treasury of the United States; and all such laws 
shall be subject to the revision and control of the 
Congress. 

No state shall, without the consent of Congress, 
lay any duty of tonnag-e, keep troops, or ships of 
war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or 
compact with another state, or with a foreig-n power, 
or cng-ag-e in war, unless actually invaded, or in such 
imminent dang-er as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

Section 1. The executive power shall be vested 
in a president of the United States of America. He 
shall hold his office during a term of four years, and 
together with the vice-president, chosen for the same 
term, be elected as follows: Each state shall appoint, 
in such manner as the Legislature thereof may 
direct, a number of electors equal to the whole num¬ 
ber of senators and representatives to which the 
state may be entitled in the Congress: but no sena¬ 
tor or representative or person holding an office of 
trust or profit under the United States shall be 
appointed an elector. 

The Congress may determine the time of choos- 





[10] 


ing- the electors, and the day on which they shall 
give their votes, which day shall be the same 
throughout the United States. 

No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citi¬ 
zen of the United States at the time of the adoption 
of this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of 
president; neither shall any person be eligible to 
that office who shall not have attained to the age of 
thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident 
within the United States. 

In case of the removal of the president from office, 
or of his death, resignation or inability to discharge 
the powers and duties of the said office, the same 
shall devolve on the vice-president, and the Congress 
may by law provide for the case of removal, death, 
resignation, or inability, both of the president and 
vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act 
as president, and such officer shall act accordingly, 
until the disability be removed, or a president shall 
be elected. 

The president shall, at stated times, receive for 
his services a compensation, which shall neither be 
increased nor diminished during the period for 
which he shall have been elected, and he shall not 
receive within that period any other emolument 
from the United States, or any of them. 

Before he enters on the execution of his office, he 
shall take the following oath or affirmation: “I do 
solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 
execute the office of president of the United States, 
and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect 
and defend the constitution of the Uuited States,” 

Sec. 2. The president shall be commander in 
chief of the army and navy of the United States, 
and of the militia of the several states, when called 
into the actual service of the United States; he may 



[11] 


require the opinion in writing - , of the principal offi¬ 
cer in each of the executive departments upon any 
subject relating - to the duties of their respective 
offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves 
and pardons for offenses ag-ainst the United States, 
except in cases of impeachment. 

He shall have power, by and with the advice and 
consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided 
two thirds of the senators present concur; and he 
shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con¬ 
sent of the Senate, shall appoint embassadors, other 
public ministers and consuls,'judges of the supreme 
court, and all other officers of the United States, 
whose appointments are not herein otherwise pro¬ 
vided for, and which shall be established by law; but 
the Congress may by law vest the appointment of 
such inferior officers, as they think proper in the 
president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads 
of departments. 

The president shall have power to fill up all vacan¬ 
cies that may happen during the recess of the Sen¬ 
ate, by granting - commissions which shall expire at 
the end of their next session. 

Sec. 3. He shall from time to time give to the 
Congress information of the states of the Union, 
and recommend to their consideration such measures 
as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, 
on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or 
either of them, and in ca'se of disagreement between 
them with respect to the time of adjournment, he 
may adjourn them to such time as he may think 
proper; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully 
executed, and shall commission all the officers of 
the United States. 

Sec. 4. The president, vice-president, and all 
civil officers of the United States, shall be removed 



[12] 


from office on impeachment for, and coviction of 
treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misde¬ 
meanors. 

ARTICLE III. 

Section 1 . The judicial power of the United 
States shall be vested in one supreme court, and in 
such inferior courts as the Congress may from time 
to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of 
the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their 
offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated 
times, receive for their services a compensation 
which shall not be diminished during their continu¬ 
ance in office. 

Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all 
cases, in law and equity, arising under this consti¬ 
tution, the laws of the United States and treaties 
made, or which shall be made, under their authority; 
to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public 
ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and 
maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the 
United States shall be a party; to controversies 
between two or more states; between a state and 
citizens of another state; between citizens of differ¬ 
ent states; between citizens of the same state claim¬ 
ing lands under grants of different states, and 
between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign 
states, citizens or subjects. 

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public 
ministers and consuls, and those in which a state 
shall be party, the supreme court shall have original 
jurisdiction. In all other cases before mentioned 
the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, 
both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and 
under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach- 



[i3] 

ment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in 
the state where the said crimes shall have been com¬ 
mitted, but when not committed within any state the 
trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress 
may by law have directed. 

Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall con¬ 
sist only in levying- war against them, or in adhering 
to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No 
person shall be convicted of treason unless on the tes¬ 
timony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on 
confession in open court. 

The Congress shall have power to declare the pun¬ 
ishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall 
work corruption of blood or forfeiture except during 
the life of the person attained. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Section. 1 . Full faith and credit shall be given in 
each state to the public acts, records and judicial pro¬ 
ceedings of every other state, and the Congress may, 
by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such 
acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the 
effect thereof. 

Sec. 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled 
to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the 
several states. 

A person charged in any state with treason, felony 
or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be 
found in another state, shall, on demand of the exec¬ 
utive authority of the state from which he fled, be de¬ 
livered up to be removed to the state having jurisdic¬ 
tion of the crime. 

No person held to service or labor in one state, un¬ 
der the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, In 
consequence of any law or regulation therein, be dis- 




[14] 


charged from such service or labor, but shall be de¬ 
livered up on claim of the party to whom such service 
or labor may be due. 

SEC. 3. New states may be admitted by the Con¬ 
gress into this Union; but no new state shall be 
formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other 
state; nor any state be formed by the junction of two 
or more states, or parts of states, without the consent 
of the Legislatures of the states concerned as well as 
of the Congress. 

The Congress shall have power to dispose of and 
make all needful rules and regulations respecting the 
territory or other property belonging to the United 
States; and nothing in this constitution shall be so 
construed as to prejudice any claims of the United 
States, or of any particular state. 

Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every 
state in this Union a republican form of government’ 
and shall protect each of them against invasion; and 
on application of the Legislature, or of the executive 
(when the Legislature cannot be convened), against 
domestic violence. 


ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses 
shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to 
this constitution, or, on the application of the Legis¬ 
latures of two thirds of the several states, shall call a 
convention for proposing amendments, which, in 
either case, shall be valid to all extents and pur¬ 
poses, as part of this constitution, when ratified by 
the Legislatures of three fourths of the several states, 
or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one 
or other mode of ratification may be proposed by the 
Congress; provided that no amendment which may be 
made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred 




[15] 


and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and 
fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; 
and that no state, without its consent, shall be de¬ 
prived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

All debts contracted and engagements entered into, 
before the adoption of this constitution, shall be as 
valid against the United States under this constitu¬ 
tion, as under the cdnfederation. 

This constitution, and the laws of the United States, 
which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all 
treaties made, or which shall be made, under the au¬ 
thority of the United States, shall be the supreme 
law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be 
bound thereby, anything in this constitution or laws 
of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. 

The senators and representatives before mentioned, 
and the members of the several State Legislatures* 
and all executive and judicial officers, both of the 
United States and the several states, shall be bound 
by oath or affirmation to support this constitution; 
but no religious test shall ever be required as a quali¬ 
fication to any office or public trust under the United 
States 

ARTICLE VII. 

The ratification of the conventions of nine states 
shall be sufficient for the establishment of this con¬ 
stitution between the states so ratifying the same. 

Done in convention by the unanimous consent o 
the states present, the seventeenth day of September, 
in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred 
and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the 
United States of America the twelfth. 

In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed 
cm uan.es. 

George Washington, 
President and Deputy from Virginia. 




[16] 


Kew Hampshire. 

John Tangdon. Nicholas Gilman. 

Massachusetts 


Nathaniel Gorham. Rufus King-. 

Connecticut 

William Samuel Johnson. Roger Sherman. 

New York. 

Alexander Hamilton. 

New Jersey. 

William Divingston. William Paterson. 

David Brearley. Jona Dayton. 


Pennsylvania 


Benjamin Franklin. 
Thomas Mifflin. 
Robert Morris. 
George Clymer. 


Thomas Fitzsimons. 
Jared Ingersoll. 
James Wilson. 
Governeur Morris. 


Pel aware. 


George Read. Richard Bassett. 

Gunning Bedford, Jr. Jacob Broom. 

John Dickinson. 

Maryland 

James McHenry. Daniel Carrol. 

Dan of St. Thomas Jenifer. 



[17] 


Virginia 

John Blair. James Madison, Jr. 

IVortli Carolina, 

William Blount. Hug'll Williamson. 

Richard Dobbs Spraight. 

Sou ill Carolina 

J. Rutledg-e. Charles Pinckney. 

Chas. Cotcsworth Pincknej*. Pierce Butler. 

Georgia. 

William Few. Abraham Baldwin. 

(Atte§t) William Jackson, Secretary. 


ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO AND AMENDMENT OF THE 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMER¬ 
ICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED 
BY THE LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL 
STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF 
THE ORIGNAL CONSTITUTION. 

ARTICLE I. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an estab¬ 
lishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise 
thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the 
press, or the right of the people, peaceably to assem¬ 
ble, and to petition the government for a redress of 
grievances. 





[ 18 ] 


ARTICLE II. 

A well-reg-ulated militia being- necessary to the se¬ 
curity of a free state, the rig-ht of the people to keep 
and bear arms shall not be infring-ed. 

ARTICLE HI. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in 
any house without the consent of the owner, nor in 
time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 

The right of the people to secure in their persons, 
houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable 
searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no 
warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, sup¬ 
ported by oath or affirmation, and particularly de¬ 
scribing the place to be searched, and the persons or 
things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or 
other infamous crime, unless on a presentment of a 
grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or 
naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service 
in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person 
be subject, for the same offense to be twice put in 
jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be' compelled in 
any criminal case to be a witness against himself, 
nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without 
due process of law; nor shall private property be 
taken for public use, without just compensation. 

ARTICLE VI. 

In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy 
the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial 



[ 19 ] 


jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall 
have been committed, which district shall have been 
previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of 
the nature and cause of the accusation; to be con¬ 
fronted with the witnesses against him; to have com¬ 
pulsory process for obtaining - witnesses in his favor, 
and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 

ARTICLE VII. 

In suits in common law, where the value in contro¬ 
versy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by 
jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury 
shall be other wise re-examined in any court of the 
United States than according to the rules of the com¬ 
mon law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive 
fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments 
inflicted. 


ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the constitution of certain 
rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage 
others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by 
the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, 
are reserved to the states respectively, or to the peo¬ 
ple. 

ARTICLE XI. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not 
be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity* 



[ 20 ] 


commenced or prosecuted against one of the United 
States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or 
by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. 

ARTICLE XII. 

The electors shall meet in their respective states, 
and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, 
one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of 
the same state with themselves; they shall name in 
their ballots the person voted for as president, and in 
distinct ballots the person voted for as vice- 
president, and they shall make distinct lists of all 
persons voted for as president, and of all persons 
voted for as vice-president, and of the number of votes 
for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and 
transmit sealed to the seat of government of the 
United States, directed to the president of the Senate. 
The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of 
tne Senate and House of Representatives, open all 
the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. 
The person having the greatest number of votes for 
president, shall be the president, if such number be a 
majority of the whole number of electors appointed; 
and if no person have such majority, then from the 
persons having the highest numbers, not exceedin ; 
three on the list of those voted for as president, the 
House of Representatives shall choose immediately, 
by ballot, the president. But in choosing the presi¬ 
dent, the vote shall be taken by states, the representa¬ 
tion from each state having one vote; a quorum for 
this purpose shall consist of a member .or members 
from two thirds of states, and a majority of all the 
states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the 
House of Representatives shall not choose a presi¬ 
dent. whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon 
them, before the fourth day of March next following, 



[ 21 ] 


then the vice-president shall act as president, as in 
case of death, or other constitutional disability of the 
president. The person having - the greatest number 
of votes as vice-president, shall be vice-presipent, if 
such number be a majority of the whole number of 
electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, 
then from the two hig-htest numbers on the list, the 
Senate shall choose the vice-president; a quorum for 
the purpose shall consist two-thirds of the whole 
number of senators, and a majority of the whole 
number shall be necessary to a choice. But no per¬ 
son constitutionally ineligible to the office of presi¬ 
dent shall be eligible to that, of vice-president of 
the United States. 

ARTICLE XIII. 

SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servi¬ 
tude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the 
party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist 
within the United States, or any place subject to its 
jurisdiction. 

SEC. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. 

ARTICLE XIV. 

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the 
United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, 
are citizens of the Uuited States and of the state 
wherein they reside. 

No state shall make or enforce any law which shall 
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of 
the United States; nor shall any state deprive any per¬ 
son of life, liberty or property without due process of 
law? 'nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the 
equal protection of its laws. 



[ 22 ] 


Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned 
among- the states according- to their respective num¬ 
bers, counting- the whole number of persons in each 
state, excluding- Indians not taxed. But when the 
rig-ht to vote at any election for the choice of electors 
for president and vice-president of the United States, 
representatives in Congress, the executive and judi¬ 
cial offieers of the state, or the members of the* Leg¬ 
islature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabi¬ 
tants of such state, being twenty-one years of age, 
and citizens of the United States, or in any way 
abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or 
other crime, the basis of representation therein shall 
be reduced in the proportion which the number of 
such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of 
male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. 

Sec. 3. No person shall be a senator or represen¬ 
tative in Congress, or elector of president or vice- 
president, or hold any office, civil or military, under 
the United States, or under any state,, who, having 
previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, 
or any office of the United States, or a member of 
any state Legislature, or as an executive or judicial 
officer of any state, to support the constitution of the 
United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or 
rebellion against the same, or give aid or comfort to 
the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote 
of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. 

Sec. 4. The validity of* the public debt of the 
United States, authorized by law, including debts in¬ 
curred for payment of pensions and bountfes for ser¬ 
vices in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall 
not be questioned. But neither the United States, 
nor any state assume or pay any debt or obligation 
in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United 
States, nor any claim for the loss or emancipation of 



[ 23 ] 


any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims 
shall be held illegal and void. 

Sec. 5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by 
appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. 

ARTICLE XV. 

Section 1 . The right of the citizens of the United 
States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the 
United States, or by any state on account of race, 
color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce 
this article by appropriate legislation. 







AUG 10 1901 




/ 






























- 















' ; 




- 









* 























